EXAM 4 Flashcards
1
Q
mammalian order Primates includes:
A
lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys and apes
2
Q
many primate characters are ________
A
arboreal
3
Q
shoulder and hip joints allow climbing and _____
A
brachiation
4
Q
______ hands and feet for high flexibility and mobility
A
grasping
5
Q
aids in manipulation with hands and feet
A
sensitivity
6
Q
a short _____ and ____-____ eyes to enhanced depth perception
A
short snout and forward-facing eyes
7
Q
phylogenetic tree shows that primates divide in to 3 groups:
A
- lemurs, lorises, and pottos
- tarsiers
- anthropoids
8
Q
lorises, lemurs, and pottos
A
- small primates
- 32 species in Madagascar
9
Q
tarsiers:
A
- nocturnal
- big ole eyes
- grasping fingers
10
Q
anthropoids (monkeys and apes)
A
- relatively larger brains than other primates
- rely more on eyesight and less olfaction
- fully opposable thumbs
11
Q
new world monkeys:
A
- Americas
- all arboreal
- prehensile tail (flexible/strong enough to be 5th limb)
- nostrils far apart & wide open
12
Q
old world monkeys:
A
- Europe, Asia, Africa
- ground-dwelling
- tail is NOT prehensile
- nostrils are close & downward facing
13
Q
similarities in both monkeys:
A
- diurnal
- live in bands (troops)
- forelimbs length = hindlimbs length
14
Q
hominoids (apes) include:
A
gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees and humans
15
Q
apes: 5 characteristics
A
- restricted to tropical areas (except humans)
- mostly all old-world monkeys
- 3/5 high degree of social structures
- tailbone but not TAIL tail
- most vegetarians but opportunistic omnivorous
16
Q
gibbons:
A
- ONLY fully arboreal apes
- monogamous
- not social groups but in pairs
- smallest and lightest (most acrobatic)
17
Q
two monogamous species :
A
gibbons and humans
18
Q
oranguatns:
A
- largest arboreal mammal (but spend time on forest floor)
- 2 species (only in Indonesia)
- little orange guys
19
Q
gorillas:
A
- largest of apes
- fully terrestrial
- knuckle walkers
- 2 species left (only in African rainforest)
20
Q
chimpanzees:
A
- make & use tools
- only found in tropical Africa today
- share 99% of genes with humans
- engage in war and homicide …
21
Q
paleoanthropologists:
A
- human origins and evolution
- about 20 species of human-like organisms
22
Q
unlike other primates, humans have ….
A
- bipedalism
- larger brains
23
Q
what came first?
bipedalism or larger brains
A
bipedalism (3.6 years ago)
24
Q
jaw muscles got _____ as brain size grew
A
smaller and weaker
25
Homo neanderthalensis:
- brains just about as big as ours but shaped diff
- hunted big game and used tools
26
mtDNA:
mitochondria DNA from maternal lineage
27
y chromosome:
DNA from paternal
28
human skin color varies ______
geographically (result of NS)
29
competing abilities of skin:
- block UV radiation (degrades folate)
- absorbs UV radiation into vitamin D (bone development)
30
near equator:
- more direct UV radiation
- plenty vitamin D but high risk of folate deficiency
= darker skin tone
31
far from equator:
- low UV radiation, so low vitamin D
- but not much UV radiation
- lighter skin tone
32
pace of discovery has increased recently due to:
- better access to remote areas
- new mapping tech.
- better communication
33
what is one of the most fundamental activities in animals: 2
mating and mate selection
34
prairie voles are the most ______
monogamous (share nest, care for young, mate for life)
35
behavior:
"something you do" carried out by muscles, glands, and nervous system, all in response to something (internal and external)
(ex: fight or flight)
36
behavior ecology:
study of behavior in an evolutionary context
37
proximate questions:
Concern the immediate reason for the behavior (why at this time, right now?)
environmental queues or triggers
38
ultimate causes/questions
what about this behavior allows organism to do better/reproductive success?
39
proximate:
ultimate:
example !!!
- light turning red
- stopping so I don't wreck/crash
40
innate behavior:
- under strong genetic control
- performed in virtually the same way by all individuals of a species
(birdy babies begging for food to whoever and baby fingers curling around things *hanging on to mom*)
41
fixed action patterns (FAP):
- unchangeable series of actions but don't have to be learned (baby birds learning to fly or baby sea turtles heading to water)
Once started, it continues to the end regardless of any changes in circumstances
42
animal behavior is combo of : 2
- genetic programming and environmental factors
43
genetic programming includes ____ _____
innate behaviors
44
learning:
modification of behavior as a result of experiences
45
habituation:
- one of simplest forms of learning
- learns to not respond to repeated stimulus (not important)
- good bc... instead can pay attention to food, mates, real danger
46
imprinting:
- generally irreversible learning
- happens in a specific phase: sensitive period
ex: song development in birds
47
spatial learning
- animals est. memories of where things are in their environment
- landmarks indicate locations of food, nest sites, prospective mates, and potential hazards
48
cognitive learning
- more powerful mechanism than landmarks alone
- internal representation (code) of objects in their surroundings (BIRDS migrating)
49
associative learning
- ability to associate one environmental feature w/ another
- memory is key !!!
50
social learning
- learned by observing the behavior of others
- "observing and imitating" like hunting or hiding from predators
- learning from others' mistakes
51
kinesis:
random movement in response to stimulus (no direction)
52
taxis:
response directed toward (positive taxis) or away from (negative taxis)
53
classical conditioning:
animal learns to link a stimulus to a specific outcome
54
trial-and-error learning:
animals' ability to associate one of its own behaviors w/ a positive or negative outcome
55
problem solving:
- must have sophisticated nervous system > cognition
- learn to do something, and apply it to something completely new/different
56
pavlov's dogs
- ringing bell
- they're rewarded
57
animals are generally _____ and _____ in their food choices
selective and efficient
58
generalists:
eat a lot of things, like crows, raccoons, cockroaches
59
specialists:
- specialized on 1 dietary choice, like koalas, panda bears, polar bears
- very vulnerable to habitat loss
60
natural selection shaped feeding behavior how?
- theory of optimal foraging
- making food choices that reduce cost while increasing benefit
61
mechanism that enables animal to find particular foods efficiently ...
search image
62
optimal foraging: EXAMPLE FROM CLASS/ON EXAM
- (wagtails) bird species during summer that feed solely on dung flies
- choosing the 7 mm instead of 8 mm because of less energy used
63
communication:
- essential element of interactions between individuals
- not communicating if not being received
64
forms communication:
nocturnal = odor and sound
diurnal = visual and auditory
underwater = visual, electrical, auditory
65
careful _______ is essentially important for mating
communication
66
LEK system (lekking)
males gather in one area but each their own spot (dance platform) and make noise and dance
BEST in center
67
3 kinds of mating systems:
- promiscuous
- monogamous
- polygamous
68
promiscuous:
- no pair bond!
- parental care: offspring have little to none
- ex: many arthropods, plants, many fish
69
monogamous:
- strong pair bond! (1breeding attempt, one season, or for life)
- parental care: 2+ parents needed
- ex: humans, prairie voles, geese/swans, wolves
70
polygamous:
- one member of 1st gender plus many of other gender
- parental care: at least one dedicated parent
- ex: most birds, lions
71
polygyny :
one male plus many females
(lions, herds of horses)
72
polyandry:
one female plus a number of males
(seahorses)
73
social behavior:
interaction between 2+ animals (usually same species)
74
territoriality: what and usually used for?
fixed area of land which individuals defend, usually against same species or others
- food source
- mates/mating
- nest or den
- or combo of all three
75
gannets
females lay eggs on tinyyyy piece of safe nesting area, so they partition land and spread out evenly, just enough to not touch each other
76
agonistic behavior:
Conflicts over limited resources (food, mates, territories) settled by fighting, but threats and rituals (physical combat is last resort)
rattle snakes pin eachothers heads down without biting
77
dominance hierarchy:
ranking of individuals based on social interactions
ex. pecking order in chickens, or females in wolf pack
78
nature vs nurture in humans' percentage:
50% - 50%
79
biosphere:
extends from atmosphere several km above earth to depths of the oceans
80
ecology:
scientific study of interactions of organisms w/ their environments
is all of earth that has life !!!
81
organism:
individual living thing
82
population:
organisms populating same area together
83
community
all living things of an environment (biotic)
84
ecosystem:
all biotic plus abiotic (rocks, snow, etc...)
85
abiotic:
non-living things
physical and chemical factors
86
habitat:
sum of biotic and abiotic factors present in an organism's surroundings
87
presence of an organism CAN change the environment they inhabit... example
- rabbits eating grass or goats
- humans !!! (deforestation)
88
Rachel Carsons "silent spring"
birds relied on insects... no longer had food supply, or eating sick ones and eggs would become too fragile
or song birds dying :(
89
DDT:
- weapons from WW1 and 2 to create pesticides (kills insects)
- has been outlawed in USA
90
important abiotic factors:
- energy source (solar energy)
- temperature
- abundance & type of water
- nutrients
-----
- other aquatic factors (like availability of oxygen)
- other terrestrial factors (like wind and fire)
91
often determines the distribution of communities... ___?___
climate
92
climate includes what?
- annual avg temp. and if it freezes
- total rainfall
93
influence climate on earth
- solar radiation varies w/ latitude
----> how much a spot on earth gets
-
94
N hemi tilted towards sun
and N hemi tilted away from sun
(spinning around sun)
this creates what ...
seasons
95
when organisms occupy/ are adapted to a particular climate.... this is a _____
biome
96
aquatic biomes are shaped by availability of ...
sun and nutrients
97
2 main groups of aquatic biomes:
marine (salt water) and freshwater
98
biomes in marine water:
- intertidal zone
- continental shelf
- benthic realm
&
- photic zone
- aphotic zone
99
where highest wave reaches during highest tide and lowest wave reaches at lowest tide is ...
intertidal zone
100
where the terrestrial system is low enough to stick out/shallow before it drops off...
continental shelf
101
one of most productive and diverse biomes (marine)
continental shelf
102
the ocean bottom (deep dark bottom) ...
benthic zone
103
upper portion of ocean where light penetrates
photic zone
104
deep dark ocean... little to no sunlight
aphotic zone
105
freshwater biomes (and in between)
- estuaries (FW and SW)
- wetlands (FW and terrestrial)
-------
-
-
106
Where rivers meet oceans, saltiness ranges sometimes more sometimes less
estuaries
107
transitional between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems
wetlands
108
fresh water biomes (2) &
water facts
- standing water biomes (lakes and ponds)
- flowing water biomes (rivers and streams)
- cover less than 1% earth (less than .01% of earth's water)
- 6% of species live in FW or rely on it
109
terrestrial biomes: 9
1. tropical forest
2. savanna
3. desert
4. chaparral
5. temp. grassland
6. temp. broadleaf forest
7. coniferous forest
8. artic tundra
9. polar ice
110
- closest to equator
- most!!! rainfall of any biome (but varies throughout the year)
- temp does not vary much at all
- most diverse and productive biome
tropical rainforest
111
- "tropical grasslands"
- dominated by grasses and scattered trees (grazing animals and insects)
- dramatic seasonal variation (monsoons)
savanna
112
biomes okay with fire running through it ...
savanna
chaparral
temp. grassland
113
Biome:
- driest of all terrestrial biomes (lack of water)
- "rain shadows" (rain clouds can't go passed mountains)
deserts
114
biome:
- "Mediterranean biome"
- shrubland w/ cool rainy winters
- hot dry summers
- vegetation adapted to periodic fires
- coastal areas
chaparral
115
biome:
- mostly treeless, except along rivers/steams
- 25-75 cm precipitation per year
- freezes every year
- N.A.: grazed by large bison and pronghorn
- "grasscrops" ... corn, wheat, rice
Temperate grasslands
116
biome:
- pop up wherever there is enough moisture to support large trees
- wide ranging temps and high annual precipitation
- OUR biome
temp. broadleaf forest
117
biome:
- cone-bearing evergreen trees (they dominate)
northern coniferous forest
118
biome:
- permafrost continuously frozen subsoil
- little precipitation
- it is shrinking these days
tundra
119
biome:
- frozen sea water
- furthest away from tilt of earth
polar ice
120
biomes are linked by _____ and ______ cycles
Nutrient and water cycles
121
