ch. 52, 53, 54, & 55 Flashcards
1
Q
interaction of organisms w/ their environment
A
ecology
2
Q
an individual living thing
A
organism
3
Q
a group of individuals of the same species living in a particular geographic area
A
population
4
Q
assemblage of all populations of organisms living close enough together for potential interaction
A
community
5
Q
both abiotic and biotic components of the environment
A
ecosystem
6
Q
all of the earth that is inhabited by life
A
biosphere
7
Q
the living components of the environment
A
biotic factors
8
Q
nonliving components of environment: including physical and chemical factors
A
abiotic factors
9
Q
an organism ____, including biotic and abiotic factors
A
habitat
10
Q
organisms affect ____
A
environment
11
Q
environment affects ____
A
organisms
12
Q
what book played a key role in the awakening of environmental awareness
A
Silent Spring 1962 by Rachel Carson
13
Q
this biome never freezes
A
tropical forests
14
Q
tropical forest biome seasonality has to do w/ ____
A
rainfall
15
Q
the most diverse biome in terrestrial biomes
A
tropical forest
16
Q
“Tropical grasslands”
A
savannas
17
Q
savannas:
A
- warm year-round
- “less water” 30-50cm annual
- dominated by grass, scattered trees
- large grazing mammals and insects
- dramatic seasonal variation (rainfall: monsoons and zero rain)
18
Q
savannas can _______ from fires
A
bounce back/survive
19
Q
the driest terrestrial biome
A
deserts
20
Q
deserts
A
- can be freezing and get really hot
- can be results of “rain shadows”
- low precipitation
21
Q
area of desiccation on far side of mountain range; mountain blocks rainclouds
A
rain shadow
22
Q
chaparral
A
- shrubland
- cool, rainy winters
- hot, dry summers
- vegetation adapted to periodic fires
23
Q
this biome is also called … Mediterranean biome
A
chaparral
24
Q
chaparral happens on ____ areas
A
coastal areas
25
temperate is the opposite of _____
tropical
26
temperate grasslands
- mostly treeless, except along streams/rivers
- North American prairies
- in North America, bison and pronghorn
- great for farmlands
27
temp. grasslands tend to happen in the ____ of continent
center/inner area
28
grasslands are adapted to ____
fires
29
"broadleaf"
big flat and wide,
angiosperms that lose leaves in winters
30
temperate broadleaf forests
- wide ranging temperatures and high annual precipitaion
31
temperate broadleaf forests
- wide ranging temperatures and high annual precipitation
32
northern coniferous forests are dominated by...
- cone bearing evergreen trees (spruce, pine, fir, and hemlock)
33
northern coniferous forest, or _____, is the ______ biome on earth
taiga, largest terrestrial biome
34
treeless artic tundra is characterized by ______, continuously frozen subsoil
permafrost
35
tundra covers exoansive areas of ____ between ____ and ____
artic
between taiga and polar ice
36
polar ice
- north of tundra
- continent of Antarctica
- temp. extremely cold year-round and low precipitation
37
aquatic biomes are shaped by availability of ___ and ___
light and nutrients
38
aquatic biomes also depend on ______ because ____ wash off the shore
closeness of land, nutrients
39
marine (75%)
marine is next to land
40
freshwater (1%)
freshwater is on land
41
the source of nutrients in aquatic biomes
detritus (dead organic matter)
42
aquatic biome defined by: (3)
- light penetration
- temp.
- depth
43
dead organic matter sinks from surface water and is source of food
detritus
44
tracking survivorship (cohort) over life span of individuals in a population
life tables
45
individuals in a population ...
- rely on same resources
- influenced by same environmental factors
- likely to interact and breed w/ each other
46
what causes variation in a population sizes?
interaction between biotic and abiotic factors
47
population ecology is concerned w/ ...
- changes in pop. size
- factors that regulate pop. over time
48
number of individuals of a species per unit area/volume
population density
49
increase in population:
birth & immigration
50
decrease in population:
death & emigration
51
the way individuals are spaced within their area
dispersion pattern
52
clumped pattern:
- individuals are grouped in patches
- resources clumped
- safety in #
- cooperative hunting / social structures
ex: starfish
53
uniform pattern:
equally spaced in environment
ex: people on beaches lol
54
random pattern:
spaced in unpredictable ways
ex: dandelion weeds
55
life tables
they track survivorship over life span of individuals in population
56
survivorship curve
type I
overhead curve
57
survivorship curve
type II
straight line left-right downward
58
survivorship curve
type III
under-head curve
59
exponential growth model
rate of population increasing under ideal-unlimited conditions
J-curve
60
exp. growth model
formula:
G=rN
- G: growth rate of pop.
- N: pop. size
- r: per capita rate of increase
61
logistic growth model
restricting population growth due to limiting environmental factors
S-curve
62
logistic growth model
formula:
G=rN(K-N/K)
63
increasing population
density-dependent factors
- result in declining birth &/or increases in deaths
64
intraspecific competition
- comp. between individuals of same species (limited resources)
- density-dependent factor that limits growth
65
density dependent factors
- parasites/disease
- competition
- predation
66
density independent factors
- natural disaster
- pollution
- human activities
67
demographic transition
- shift from HIGH birth and death rates TO... LOW birth and death rates
- lowered rate of growth in developed countries
68
age structure of a population:
- proportion of individuals in different age groups
- affects future growth of population
69
population ______, is continued growth that occurs ...
pop. momentum
- despite reduced fertility
- result of girls 0-14 age group of previous gen. reaching childbearing years.
70
ecological footprint
amount of land required o provide raw materials for individual/nation consumption
- food
- fuel
- water
- housing
- waste disposal
71
INTERspecific interactions
- relationships w/ individuals of other species in community
- affect pop. structure and dynamics
72
INTERspecific competition
- populations of two different species compete for same limited resources
- occurs when niches of two pop. overlap
73
ecological niche
sum of an organism's use of biotic and abiotic resources
74
producers are ____
autotrophs
75
consumers are ____
heterotrophs
76
detritivores
get energy from dead material (detritus) produced at all trophic levels
77
species diversity: (2)
- species richness
- relative abundance
78
keystone species
- species whose impact on community is larger than its biomass or abundance indicates
- occupies niche that holds rest of community in place
79
examples of keystone species
pisaster sea stars &
long-spined sea urchins
80
disturbances:
- damage biological communities
- storms, floods, fires, droughts, overgrazing, human activity
81
ecological succession:
results from colonization by variety of species, which are replaced by succession of other species
82
primary succession
begins in lifeless area w/ no soil
83
secondary succession
when disturbance destroys an existing community but leaves soil intact
84
____ ____ moves through the components of an ecosystem
energy flow
85
____ ____ is transfer of materials within ecosystem
chemical cycling
86
primary production
- carried out by producers
- solar energy converted to chem. energy by producers for given area and period of time
87
primary production produces ____
biomass (amount of living organic material in ecosystem)
88
only about __% of energy stored at each trophic level is ______ to next level
10%, available
89
life also depends on the ____ of chemicals
recycling
90
biogeochemical cycles include and can be:
biotic and abiotic, local and global
91
in aquatic, primary production is limited by nutrient levels of:
phosphorus and nitrogen
92
in standing water: primary production increases in a process of ...
eutrophication
93
effects of eutrophication:
- depletes oxygen levels
- decreases species diversity
94
phosphate pollution leading to eutrophication comes from..
- agricultural fertilizers
- pesticides
- sewage treatment facilities
- runoff of animal waste from feedlots
95
eutrophication from increased levels of nitrogen come from:
- feedlots
- large amounts of fertilizer
