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BIO1108k > ch. 52, 53, 54, & 55 > Flashcards

ch. 52, 53, 54, & 55 Flashcards

1
Q

interaction of organisms w/ their environment

A

ecology

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2
Q

an individual living thing

A

organism

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3
Q

a group of individuals of the same species living in a particular geographic area

A

population

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4
Q

assemblage of all populations of organisms living close enough together for potential interaction

A

community

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5
Q

both abiotic and biotic components of the environment

A

ecosystem

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6
Q

all of the earth that is inhabited by life

A

biosphere

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7
Q

the living components of the environment

A

biotic factors

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8
Q

nonliving components of environment: including physical and chemical factors

A

abiotic factors

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9
Q

an organism ____, including biotic and abiotic factors

A

habitat

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10
Q

organisms affect ____

A

environment

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11
Q

environment affects ____

A

organisms

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12
Q

what book played a key role in the awakening of environmental awareness

A

Silent Spring 1962 by Rachel Carson

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13
Q

this biome never freezes

A

tropical forests

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14
Q

tropical forest biome seasonality has to do w/ ____

A

rainfall

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15
Q

the most diverse biome in terrestrial biomes

A

tropical forest

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16
Q

“Tropical grasslands”

A

savannas

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17
Q

savannas:

A
  • warm year-round
  • “less water” 30-50cm annual
  • dominated by grass, scattered trees
  • large grazing mammals and insects
  • dramatic seasonal variation (rainfall: monsoons and zero rain)
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18
Q

savannas can _______ from fires

A

bounce back/survive

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19
Q

the driest terrestrial biome

A

deserts

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20
Q

deserts

A
  • can be freezing and get really hot
  • can be results of “rain shadows”
  • low precipitation
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21
Q

area of desiccation on far side of mountain range; mountain blocks rainclouds

A

rain shadow

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22
Q

chaparral

A
  • shrubland
  • cool, rainy winters
  • hot, dry summers
  • vegetation adapted to periodic fires
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23
Q

this biome is also called … Mediterranean biome

A

chaparral

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24
Q

chaparral happens on ____ areas

A

coastal areas

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25
Q

temperate is the opposite of _____

A

tropical

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26
Q

temperate grasslands

A
  • mostly treeless, except along streams/rivers
  • North American prairies
  • in North America, bison and pronghorn
  • great for farmlands
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27
Q

temp. grasslands tend to happen in the ____ of continent

A

center/inner area

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28
Q

grasslands are adapted to ____

A

fires

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29
Q

“broadleaf”

A

big flat and wide,
angiosperms that lose leaves in winters

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30
Q

temperate broadleaf forests

A
  • wide ranging temperatures and high annual precipitaion
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31
Q

temperate broadleaf forests

A
  • wide ranging temperatures and high annual precipitation
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32
Q

northern coniferous forests are dominated by…

A
  • cone bearing evergreen trees (spruce, pine, fir, and hemlock)
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33
Q

northern coniferous forest, or _____, is the ______ biome on earth

A

taiga, largest terrestrial biome

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34
Q

treeless artic tundra is characterized by ______, continuously frozen subsoil

A

permafrost

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35
Q

tundra covers exoansive areas of ____ between ____ and ____

A

artic
between taiga and polar ice

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36
Q

polar ice

A
  • north of tundra
  • continent of Antarctica
  • temp. extremely cold year-round and low precipitation
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37
Q

aquatic biomes are shaped by availability of ___ and ___

A

light and nutrients

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38
Q

aquatic biomes also depend on ______ because ____ wash off the shore

A

closeness of land, nutrients

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39
Q

marine (75%)

A

marine is next to land

40
Q

freshwater (1%)

A

freshwater is on land

41
Q

the source of nutrients in aquatic biomes

A

detritus (dead organic matter)

42
Q

aquatic biome defined by: (3)

A
  • light penetration
  • temp.
  • depth
43
Q

dead organic matter sinks from surface water and is source of food

A

detritus

44
Q

tracking survivorship (cohort) over life span of individuals in a population

A

life tables

45
Q

individuals in a population …

A
  • rely on same resources
  • influenced by same environmental factors
  • likely to interact and breed w/ each other
46
Q

what causes variation in a population sizes?

A

interaction between biotic and abiotic factors

47
Q

population ecology is concerned w/ …

A
  • changes in pop. size
  • factors that regulate pop. over time
48
Q

number of individuals of a species per unit area/volume

A

population density

49
Q

increase in population:

A

birth & immigration

50
Q

decrease in population:

A

death & emigration

51
Q

the way individuals are spaced within their area

A

dispersion pattern

52
Q

clumped pattern:

A
  • individuals are grouped in patches
  • resources clumped
  • safety in #
  • cooperative hunting / social structures

ex: starfish

53
Q

uniform pattern:

A

equally spaced in environment
ex: people on beaches lol

54
Q

random pattern:

A

spaced in unpredictable ways
ex: dandelion weeds

55
Q

life tables

A

they track survivorship over life span of individuals in population

56
Q

survivorship curve
type I

A

overhead curve

57
Q

survivorship curve
type II

A

straight line left-right downward

58
Q

survivorship curve
type III

A

under-head curve

59
Q

exponential growth model

A

rate of population increasing under ideal-unlimited conditions
J-curve

60
Q

exp. growth model
formula:

A

G=rN
- G: growth rate of pop.
- N: pop. size
- r: per capita rate of increase

61
Q

logistic growth model

A

restricting population growth due to limiting environmental factors
S-curve

62
Q

logistic growth model
formula:

A

G=rN(K-N/K)

63
Q

increasing population
density-dependent factors

A
  • result in declining birth &/or increases in deaths
64
Q

intraspecific competition

A
  • comp. between individuals of same species (limited resources)
  • density-dependent factor that limits growth
65
Q

density dependent factors

A
  • parasites/disease
  • competition
  • predation
66
Q

density independent factors

A
  • natural disaster
  • pollution
  • human activities
67
Q

demographic transition

A
  • shift from HIGH birth and death rates TO… LOW birth and death rates
  • lowered rate of growth in developed countries
68
Q

age structure of a population:

A
  • proportion of individuals in different age groups
  • affects future growth of population
69
Q

population ______, is continued growth that occurs …

A

pop. momentum
- despite reduced fertility
- result of girls 0-14 age group of previous gen. reaching childbearing years.

70
Q

ecological footprint

A

amount of land required o provide raw materials for individual/nation consumption
- food
- fuel
- water
- housing
- waste disposal

71
Q

INTERspecific interactions

A
  • relationships w/ individuals of other species in community
  • affect pop. structure and dynamics
72
Q

INTERspecific competition

A
  • populations of two different species compete for same limited resources
  • occurs when niches of two pop. overlap
73
Q

ecological niche

A

sum of an organism’s use of biotic and abiotic resources

74
Q

producers are ____

A

autotrophs

75
Q

consumers are ____

A

heterotrophs

76
Q

detritivores

A

get energy from dead material (detritus) produced at all trophic levels

77
Q

species diversity: (2)

A
  • species richness
  • relative abundance
78
Q

keystone species

A
  • species whose impact on community is larger than its biomass or abundance indicates
  • occupies niche that holds rest of community in place
79
Q

examples of keystone species

A

pisaster sea stars &
long-spined sea urchins

80
Q

disturbances:

A
  • damage biological communities
  • storms, floods, fires, droughts, overgrazing, human activity
81
Q

ecological succession:

A

results from colonization by variety of species, which are replaced by succession of other species

82
Q

primary succession

A

begins in lifeless area w/ no soil

83
Q

secondary succession

A

when disturbance destroys an existing community but leaves soil intact

84
Q

____ ____ moves through the components of an ecosystem

A

energy flow

85
Q

____ ____ is transfer of materials within ecosystem

A

chemical cycling

86
Q

primary production

A
  • carried out by producers
  • solar energy converted to chem. energy by producers for given area and period of time
87
Q

primary production produces ____

A

biomass (amount of living organic material in ecosystem)

88
Q

only about __% of energy stored at each trophic level is ______ to next level

A

10%, available

89
Q

life also depends on the ____ of chemicals

A

recycling

90
Q

biogeochemical cycles include and can be:

A

biotic and abiotic, local and global

91
Q

in aquatic, primary production is limited by nutrient levels of:

A

phosphorus and nitrogen

92
Q

in standing water: primary production increases in a process of …

A

eutrophication

93
Q

effects of eutrophication:

A
  • depletes oxygen levels
  • decreases species diversity
94
Q

phosphate pollution leading to eutrophication comes from..

A
  • agricultural fertilizers
  • pesticides
  • sewage treatment facilities
  • runoff of animal waste from feedlots
95
Q

eutrophication from increased levels of nitrogen come from:

A
  • feedlots
  • large amounts of fertilizer

BIO1108k (5 decks)

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