(29&30) plants and fungi Flashcards
1
Q
land plants do NOT include ____
A
photosynthetic protists (algae)
2
Q
the closest algae relative of land plants is …
A
charophytes
3
Q
plants and charophytes share …
A
- thought to have evolved from common ancestor
- complex multicellular bodies
- photosynthetic eukaryotes (photoautotrophic)
4
Q
plants cell walls contains ____
A
cellulose
5
Q
ancestral group that gave rise to land plants went through …
A
adaptive radiation
6
Q
on land, plants must …
A
- MAINTAIN MOISTURE inside cells
- SUPPORT their body
- OBTAIN RESOURCES (from soil and air)
- REPRODUCE (and disperse w/o water)
7
Q
maintain moisture via …
A
- waxy cuticle
- stomata
8
Q
support their body via …
A
lignin (supports against the pull of gravity)
9
Q
obtain resources via
A
- water and minerals through roots (SOIL)
- CO2 through leaves (AIR and SUNLIGHT)
- SOME have a vascular system that transport resources to other parts of body
10
Q
vascular tissue: Xylem
A
- consists of dead cells
- distributes water and minerals
11
Q
vascular tissue: Phloem
A
- consists of living cells
- distributes sugar
12
Q
Reproduction (sperm and offpsring)
A
- sperm is packaged by… pollen
- offspring is packaged by… seeds
13
Q
fertilized egg _____ develops into an _____ while still attached/nourished by parent plant _____
A
zygote… embryo… embryophyte
14
Q
what adaptations are present in all plants
A
- dependent embryos
- waxy cuticle
- stoma
15
Q
this adaptation _______, marks a lineage that gave rise to most living plants
A
lignified vascular tissues
16
Q
seeds are found in a lineage that includes all living ____ and ____
A
gymnosperms and angiosperms
17
Q
what adaptation marked the angiosperm lineage
A
flowers
18
Q
since colonizing land, plants have diversified into __#__
A
roughly 290,000 living species
19
Q
seedless, nonvascular plants called …
A
bryophytes
20
Q
bryophytes include…
A
- liverworts
- mosses
- hornworts
21
Q
liverworts phylum is …
A
Hepatophyta
22
Q
mosses phylum is …
A
Bryophyta
23
Q
hornworts phylum is …
A
Anthocerophyta
24
Q
bryophytes resemble other plants because of …
A
embryos dependent of parent plant
25
bryophytes LACK...
- true roots, leaves, and vascular system
- lignified cell walls
- NEED water for reproduction
26
about 425 mya, vascular plants evolved w/...
lignin-hardened vascular tissues
27
the seedless vascular plants are...
- lycophytes (mosses and relatives)
- monilophytes (ferns and relatives)
28
lycophytes and monilophytes HAVE...
- true roots, leaves, and vasc. systems
- lignin in their cell walls
- NEED water for reproduction
29
about 360 mya, the first _____ evolved...
vascular plants w/ seeds
30
a seed consists of ...
embryo packaged with food & water supply, within protective covering
31
vascular plants w/ seeds include...
- gymnosperms // "naked seed" (ginkgo, cycad, conifer)
- angiosperms // flowering or "enclosed seed"
32
what is commonly referred to as the cone bearing plants `
gymnosperms
33
gymnosperms characteristics:
- lignified vascular system
- pollen and seeds
34
gymnosperms have 4 phyla...
- cycadophyta
- gingkophyta
- gnetyphyta
- coniferophyta
35
gnetophyta has 3 genera...
gnetum, ephedra, welwitschia
36
angiosperms are...
- flowering plants
- includes MOST trees and ALL grasses
- dominant plant group on earth rn (about 85%)
37
angiosperms characteristics...
- lignified vascular systems
- pollen and seeds
- flowers and fruits
38
mitosis
parent cell division resulting in 2 identical daughter cells
they make CLONES (ploidy doesn't change)
39
meiosis
cell division resulting in 4 daughter cells w/ half number of chromosomes of parent cell
(Cell replication = ploidy is divided in half)
40
fertilization
fusion of male and female gametes = zygote
cells make a new cell -- ploidy is doubled
41
the haploid gametophyte produces ______ (eggs or sperms) by _____
haploid gametes, mitosis
42
fertilization results in _____ by _____
diploid zygote, mitosis
43
diploid zygote develops into a ______ by _____
diploid sporophyte, mitosis
44
diploid sporophyte produces _____ by _____
haploid spores, meiosis
45
haploid spores grow into _____ by _____
haploid gametophytes, mitosis
46
moss1) what is a bed of moss made up of? and what do they produce
gametophytes, gametes (flagellated sperm and eggs)
47
moss2-3) the diploid zygote develops into a _____ by _____
diploid sporophyte, mitosis
48
moss4) _____ occurs at the tip of sporophyte stalks (sporangium), that releases _____
meiosis, haploid spores
49
moss5) haploid spores are released and develop into _____ by _____
gametophytes, mitosis
50
dominant gymnosperm life stage
diploid sporophyte
51
in gymnosperms, what holds all other life stages...
female and male pine cones
52
each scale of the cone produces _____ by ____
spores by meiosis
53
gymnosperm spores produce...
gametophytes WITHIN the cone
54
in gymnosperms, male gamete is packaged in a ... and carried by...
pollen grain, wind to female cones
55
in gymnosperms, when pollen grain lands on scale in female cone and enters ovule...
pollination
56
occurs in gymnosperms, a year after pollination
(Sperm moved down a pollen tube to egg, to form a zygote)
fertilization
57
gymnosperm zygote develops into _____
sporophyte embryo
58
after fertilization the ovule becomes a ____, w/ ____ and ____
seed, stored food and protective coat
59
major adaption for life and success on land for plants
seed
60
angiosperm plant is a ____ w/ ____ in its flower
sporophyte, gametophytes
61
dominant angiosperm life stage
diploid sporophyte
62
in angiosperms, what holds all other life stages...
flowers
63
in angiosperms, the male gamete is packaged in a _____, released from the anther and carried by _____
pollen grain, wind or pollinators to the stigma
64
in angiosperms, what follows pollination as little as a few hours later...
fertilization
65
in angiosperms, when seeds begin to develop...
ovary's walls thicken -- forming fruit that encloses the seed
66
what is the center piece of angiosperm reproduction
the flower
67
the flower is the site of
pollination and fertilization
68
fruits are ...
- ripened ovaries of flowers
- adaptations that protect and disperse seeds
69
seed dispersal mechanisms rely on ...
- natural elements (wind and water)
- hitching ride on animals
- ingestion, and deposit seed w/ supply of fertilizer and water
70
clade eudicots (true dicots):
- more than 2/3 of angiosperm species
- legume and rose family
71
basal angiosperm include:
- amborella trichopoda (italicized)
- water lilies
- star anise
72
magnoliids include:
- magnolias
- laurels
- black pepper plants
73
magnoliids are more closely related to _____ and less related to _____
- monocots and eudicots
- basal angiosperms
74
monocots:
- more than 1/4 of angiosperm species
- largest groups are:
orchids, grasses and palms
75
monocot embryos include ...
one cotyledon
76
eudicot embryos include ...
two cotyledons
77
monocot leaf venation:
veins usually parallel
78
eudicot leaf venation:
veins usually weblike
79
monocot flowers:
floral organs in multiples of 3
80
eudicot flowers:
floral organs in multiples of 4 or 5
81
seed plants are key sources of ...
- food
- fuel
- wood
- products
- medicine
82
used in medicine...
secondary compounds of seed plants
83
fungi are ______ that feed by ______
chemoheterotrophs by absorption
84
fungi use ____ to break down a large variety of ______ into _______
enzymes, complex molecules into smaller organic compounds
85
fungi lifestyles:
- decomposers
- symbiotic (parasites and mutualists)
86
most common fungi body structures: 2
- multicellular filaments
- single cells (yeast)
87
some fungi species grow as ______; others grow as ____
filaments or yeasts, both
88
fungi consist of _____, networks of branched hyphae adapted for absorption
mycelia
89
what are the benefits of a mycelium structure
maximizes surface-to-volume ratio
90
fungal cell walls contain
chitin
91
-myc
fungus
92
-phyte
plants
