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bio1108k > (29&30) plants and fungi > Flashcards

(29&30) plants and fungi Flashcards

1
Q

land plants do NOT include ____

A

photosynthetic protists (algae)

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2
Q

the closest algae relative of land plants is …

A

charophytes

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3
Q

plants and charophytes share …

A
  • thought to have evolved from common ancestor
  • complex multicellular bodies
  • photosynthetic eukaryotes (photoautotrophic)
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4
Q

plants cell walls contains ____

A

cellulose

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5
Q

ancestral group that gave rise to land plants went through …

A

adaptive radiation

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6
Q

on land, plants must …

A
  • MAINTAIN MOISTURE inside cells
  • SUPPORT their body
  • OBTAIN RESOURCES (from soil and air)
  • REPRODUCE (and disperse w/o water)
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7
Q

maintain moisture via …

A
  • waxy cuticle
  • stomata
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8
Q

support their body via …

A

lignin (supports against the pull of gravity)

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9
Q

obtain resources via

A
  • water and minerals through roots (SOIL)
  • CO2 through leaves (AIR and SUNLIGHT)
  • SOME have a vascular system that transport resources to other parts of body
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10
Q

vascular tissue: Xylem

A
  • consists of dead cells
  • distributes water and minerals
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11
Q

vascular tissue: Phloem

A
  • consists of living cells
  • distributes sugar
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12
Q

Reproduction (sperm and offpsring)

A
  • sperm is packaged by… pollen
  • offspring is packaged by… seeds
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13
Q

fertilized egg _____ develops into an _____ while still attached/nourished by parent plant _____

A

zygote… embryo… embryophyte

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14
Q

what adaptations are present in all plants

A
  • dependent embryos
  • waxy cuticle
  • stoma
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15
Q

this adaptation _______, marks a lineage that gave rise to most living plants

A

lignified vascular tissues

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16
Q

seeds are found in a lineage that includes all living ____ and ____

A

gymnosperms and angiosperms

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17
Q

what adaptation marked the angiosperm lineage

A

flowers

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18
Q

since colonizing land, plants have diversified into __#__

A

roughly 290,000 living species

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19
Q

seedless, nonvascular plants called …

A

bryophytes

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20
Q

bryophytes include…

A
  • liverworts
  • mosses
  • hornworts
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21
Q

liverworts phylum is …

A

Hepatophyta

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22
Q

mosses phylum is …

A

Bryophyta

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23
Q

hornworts phylum is …

A

Anthocerophyta

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24
Q

bryophytes resemble other plants because of …

A

embryos dependent of parent plant

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25
Q

bryophytes LACK…

A
  • true roots, leaves, and vascular system
  • lignified cell walls
  • NEED water for reproduction
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26
Q

about 425 mya, vascular plants evolved w/…

A

lignin-hardened vascular tissues

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27
Q

the seedless vascular plants are…

A
  • lycophytes (mosses and relatives)
  • monilophytes (ferns and relatives)
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28
Q

lycophytes and monilophytes HAVE…

A
  • true roots, leaves, and vasc. systems
  • lignin in their cell walls
  • NEED water for reproduction
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29
Q

about 360 mya, the first _____ evolved…

A

vascular plants w/ seeds

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30
Q

a seed consists of …

A

embryo packaged with food & water supply, within protective covering

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31
Q

vascular plants w/ seeds include…

A
  • gymnosperms // “naked seed” (ginkgo, cycad, conifer)
  • angiosperms // flowering or “enclosed seed”
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32
Q

what is commonly referred to as the cone bearing plants `

A

gymnosperms

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33
Q

gymnosperms characteristics:

A
  • lignified vascular system
  • pollen and seeds
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34
Q

gymnosperms have 4 phyla…

A
  • cycadophyta
  • gingkophyta
  • gnetyphyta
  • coniferophyta
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35
Q

gnetophyta has 3 genera…

A

gnetum, ephedra, welwitschia

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36
Q

angiosperms are…

A
  • flowering plants
  • includes MOST trees and ALL grasses
  • dominant plant group on earth rn (about 85%)
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37
Q

angiosperms characteristics…

A
  • lignified vascular systems
  • pollen and seeds
  • flowers and fruits
38
Q

mitosis

A

parent cell division resulting in 2 identical daughter cells

they make CLONES (ploidy doesn’t change)

39
Q

meiosis

A

cell division resulting in 4 daughter cells w/ half number of chromosomes of parent cell
(Cell replication = ploidy is divided in half)

40
Q

fertilization

A

fusion of male and female gametes = zygote

cells make a new cell – ploidy is doubled

41
Q

the haploid gametophyte produces ______ (eggs or sperms) by _____

A

haploid gametes, mitosis

42
Q

fertilization results in _____ by _____

A

diploid zygote, mitosis

43
Q

diploid zygote develops into a ______ by _____

A

diploid sporophyte, mitosis

44
Q

diploid sporophyte produces _____ by _____

A

haploid spores, meiosis

45
Q

haploid spores grow into _____ by _____

A

haploid gametophytes, mitosis

46
Q

moss1) what is a bed of moss made up of? and what do they produce

A

gametophytes, gametes (flagellated sperm and eggs)

47
Q

moss2-3) the diploid zygote develops into a _____ by _____

A

diploid sporophyte, mitosis

48
Q

moss4) _____ occurs at the tip of sporophyte stalks (sporangium), that releases _____

A

meiosis, haploid spores

49
Q

moss5) haploid spores are released and develop into _____ by _____

A

gametophytes, mitosis

50
Q

dominant gymnosperm life stage

A

diploid sporophyte

51
Q

in gymnosperms, what holds all other life stages…

A

female and male pine cones

52
Q

each scale of the cone produces _____ by ____

A

spores by meiosis

53
Q

gymnosperm spores produce…

A

gametophytes WITHIN the cone

54
Q

in gymnosperms, male gamete is packaged in a … and carried by…

A

pollen grain, wind to female cones

55
Q

in gymnosperms, when pollen grain lands on scale in female cone and enters ovule…

A

pollination

56
Q

occurs in gymnosperms, a year after pollination
(Sperm moved down a pollen tube to egg, to form a zygote)

A

fertilization

57
Q

gymnosperm zygote develops into _____

A

sporophyte embryo

58
Q

after fertilization the ovule becomes a ____, w/ ____ and ____

A

seed, stored food and protective coat

59
Q

major adaption for life and success on land for plants

A

seed

60
Q

angiosperm plant is a ____ w/ ____ in its flower

A

sporophyte, gametophytes

61
Q

dominant angiosperm life stage

A

diploid sporophyte

62
Q

in angiosperms, what holds all other life stages…

A

flowers

63
Q

in angiosperms, the male gamete is packaged in a _____, released from the anther and carried by _____

A

pollen grain, wind or pollinators to the stigma

64
Q

in angiosperms, what follows pollination as little as a few hours later…

A

fertilization

65
Q

in angiosperms, when seeds begin to develop…

A

ovary’s walls thicken – forming fruit that encloses the seed

66
Q

what is the center piece of angiosperm reproduction

A

the flower

67
Q

the flower is the site of

A

pollination and fertilization

68
Q

fruits are …

A
  • ripened ovaries of flowers
  • adaptations that protect and disperse seeds
69
Q

seed dispersal mechanisms rely on …

A
  • natural elements (wind and water)
  • hitching ride on animals
  • ingestion, and deposit seed w/ supply of fertilizer and water
70
Q

clade eudicots (true dicots):

A
  • more than 2/3 of angiosperm species
  • legume and rose family
71
Q

basal angiosperm include:

A
  • amborella trichopoda (italicized)
  • water lilies
  • star anise
72
Q

magnoliids include:

A
  • magnolias
  • laurels
  • black pepper plants
73
Q

magnoliids are more closely related to _____ and less related to _____

A
  • monocots and eudicots
  • basal angiosperms
74
Q

monocots:

A
  • more than 1/4 of angiosperm species
  • largest groups are:
    orchids, grasses and palms
75
Q

monocot embryos include …

A

one cotyledon

76
Q

eudicot embryos include …

A

two cotyledons

77
Q

monocot leaf venation:

A

veins usually parallel

78
Q

eudicot leaf venation:

A

veins usually weblike

79
Q

monocot flowers:

A

floral organs in multiples of 3

80
Q

eudicot flowers:

A

floral organs in multiples of 4 or 5

81
Q

seed plants are key sources of …

A
  • food
  • fuel
  • wood
  • products
  • medicine
82
Q

used in medicine…

A

secondary compounds of seed plants

83
Q

fungi are ______ that feed by ______

A

chemoheterotrophs by absorption

84
Q

fungi use ____ to break down a large variety of ______ into _______

A

enzymes, complex molecules into smaller organic compounds

85
Q

fungi lifestyles:

A
  • decomposers
  • symbiotic (parasites and mutualists)
86
Q

most common fungi body structures: 2

A
  • multicellular filaments
  • single cells (yeast)
87
Q

some fungi species grow as ______; others grow as ____

A

filaments or yeasts, both

88
Q

fungi consist of _____, networks of branched hyphae adapted for absorption

A

mycelia

89
Q

what are the benefits of a mycelium structure

A

maximizes surface-to-volume ratio

90
Q

fungal cell walls contain

A

chitin

91
Q

-myc

A

fungus

92
Q

-phyte

A

plants

bio1108k (5 decks)

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