chapter 32, 33, & 34 Flashcards
1
Q
rotifers have an ____ ____, digestive tube w/ a separate mouth and anus lying within fluid-filled pseudocoelom
A
alimentary canal
2
Q
animals that possess true coelom which lined by tissue derived from mesoderm…
A
coelomates
3
Q
670 million years ago
A
bilateria
4
Q
animals that ALSO have an intervening mesoderm layer
A
triploblastic
5
Q
tapeworms (class cestoda) phylum Platyhelminthes
A
- vertebrate parasites and lack digestive system
- absorb nutrients from hosts intestine
- ribbon-like body with repeated units
6
Q
process by which exoskeletons are shed
A
ecdysis
7
Q
sedentary polyp body:
A
cylindrical w/ tentacles projecting from one end; like a sea enomone
8
Q
hirundinea (leeches)
A
- most are free-living carnivores, some suck blood
9
Q
Polychaetes (largest group of annelids)
A
- each segment has pair of fleshy appendages w/ stiff bristles or chaetae
- search for prey on seafloor
- OR live in tubes and filter food particles
10
Q
nematodes/roundworms (phylum nematoda)
A
- bilateral symmetry
- 3 tissue layers (eumetazoans)
- pseudocoelom body cavity
- complete digestive tract
11
Q
how do rotifers reproduce?
Hint: females produce offspring from underutilized eggs
A
parthenogenesis
12
Q
mobile medusa form:
A
marine jelly; like umbrella w/ tentacles projecting along edges
13
Q
Rotifers (phylum Rotifera)
A
- tiny animals (freshwater, ocean, damp soil)
- multicellular w/ specialized organs
14
Q
class pancrustaceans (phylum Arthropoda)
A
- formerly in 2 groups, crustaceans and insects
15
Q
the opening that forms during gastrulation and connects the archenteron to the exterior of the gastrula
A
blastopore
16
Q
cnidarians feeding mode:
A
- carnivores; use their tentacles to capture prey and push prey into mouths
17
Q
blastopore becomes the mouth
A
protstome
18
Q
success of insects due to:
A
- waterproof cuticle
- flight
- segmentation
- exoskeleton
- jointed appendages
19
Q
the simplest chordates are ____ and ____
A
tunicates and lancelets
20
Q
common ancestor of all living animals likely lived between ___ and ___
A
700 and 770 million years ago
21
Q
770 million years ago
A
metazoa
22
Q
insects (hexapods)
A
- most successful animals on earth
- live in almost every terrestrial habit and freshwater
23
Q
Clade Ecdysozoa (bilaterians)
A
invertebrates that shed their exoskeletons
24
Q
mesoderm:
A
- MIDDLE cell layer
- gives rise to muscles and most internal organs
25
insects have a _____ life cycle w/ ____ generations and _____ numbers of offspring
complex life cycle, short generations, and large # of offspring
26
crustaceans:
- nearly all aquatic
- shrimp, crab, barnacles
- feed w/ jointed appendages
- ONE terrestrial group: isopods like the roly-poly
27
type of circulatory system for annelids
CLOSED circulatory system, blood remains enclosed in vessels throughout body
28
embryonic cleavage eventually results in a hollow ball of cells called ...
blastula
29
molluscs (phylum mollusca)
- muscular foot, functions in locomotion
- visceral mass containing most internal organs, that may be protected by shell secreted by mantle
30
most adult animals are _______ and reproduce ______
diploid, sexually
31
ectoderm:
- OUTER cell layer
- gives rise to skin and nervous system
32
the type of circulatory system for many invertebrates (molluscs and arthropods)
OPEN circulatory system, blood is pumped through vessels into open body cavities
33
class myriapods (phylum Arthropoda)
- millipedes, herbivores w/ two pairs of short legs per body segment
- centipedes, carnivores w/ one pair of legs per body segment
34
simple, sedentary animals without true tissues
sponges (phylum porifera)
35
organisms with tissues are called...
eumetazoans
36
bilateria:
- Deuterostomia
- lophotrochozoan
- Ecdysozoa
37
70% of all identified animal species are ____
insects
38
cnidarian (phylum cnidaria) characteristics:
radial animal's w/ tentacles and stinging cells
39
class gastropods (phylum mollusca)
- largest group of molluscs (include snails and slugs)
- only molluscs to live on land, using mantle cavity as lung
- protected by single spiral shell
- long colorful projections functioning as gills in water
40
10 phyla (that we are covering)
- Porifera (sponges)
- Cnidaria
- Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
- Rotifera
- Mollusca
- Annelida (segmented worms)
- Nematoda (roundworms)
- Arthropoda
- Echinodermata
- Chordata
41
blastopore becomes the anus
deuterostome
42
annelids (phylum annelida)
- segmentation
- true coelom that functions as hydrostatic skeleton
- nervous system (simple brain and ventral nerve cord)
43
ability of echinoderms
- water-filled canals that branch into extensions (tube feet)
- regenerate lost arms
44
Clade Lophotrochozoa (bilaterian)
- some have a feeding stricture called LOPHOPHORE
- others go through distinct developmental stage called TROCHOPHORE LARVA
45
endoderm:
- INNER cell layer
- lining of future digestive tract
46
coelom location:
fluid-filled space between digestive tract and outer body wall
47
sponges feeding mode
suspension feeders
filtering food particles w/ food trapping equipment
48
cluster of master control _____ ____ (HOX genes), control transformation of zygote into an adult animal
homeotic genes
49
arthropods (phylum Arthropoda) general:
- segmented animals
- jointed appendages
- exoskeleton
50
flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes)
- simplest bilaterians
- live in marine, freshwater, & damp terrestrial
- some are parasitic, others free-living
51
octopuses:
live on seafloor, and creep as active predators
52
squids:
fast and use muscular siphon for jet propulsion
53
more than __% of insect species undergo _____ metamorphosis, free-living larva transform from pupa into adult
80%, complete metamorphosis
54
triploblastic animals that possess a pseudocoelom...
pseudocoelomates
55
the animal eggs and sperm:
- produced by MEISOSIS
- only HAPLOID cells
- fuse during FERTILIZATION to form a DIPLOID ZYGOTE
56
class cephalopods (phylum Mollusca)
- squids, octopuses, nautiluses
- fast agile predators
- large brains and sophisticated sense organs
- complex image-focusing eyes
57
class bivalves (phylum Mollusca)
- clams, oysters, mussels scallops
- shells divided in 2 halves held together by hinges
- (most) sedentary suspensions feeders, attached by strong threads
58
animal zygote divides by:
mitosis
59
how molluscs feed:
- rasposa radula, used to scrape up food
60
bilateral symmetry
mirror image right and left sides
61
eumetazoa:
cnidaria
62
arthropods animals include:
- crayfish
- lobsters
- crabs
- barnacles
- spiders
- ticks
- insects
63
680 million years ago
eumetazoa
64
during the Paleozoic era (543-251 mya), the _____ _____ may have been caused by (3)...
Cambrian explosion:
- increasingly complex predator-prey relationships
- increase in atmospheric oxygen
- arrival of homeotic genes
65
Oligochaeta (earthworms)
- ingest soil and extract nutrients
- aerate soil an improve texture
66
metazoa:
porifera
67
animals' nutritional mode
chemoheterotrophs
68
3 groups of annelids:
- Oligochaeta (earthworms)
- polychaeta (polychaetes)
- hirudinea (leeches)
69
cleavage results in ...
embryo
70
animals cell structure and specialization
- multicellular
- lack cell walls
- held together by collagen
- unique nervous and muscle tissue
71
adult tunicates (_____) and larva tunicates
Urochordata, stationary and attached
larva tunicates are tadpole-like organism
72
a body cavity derived from the mesoderm an endoderm
pseudocoelom
73
animal takes on different body form as it develops from larva to adult
metamorphosis
74
in soft-bodied animals, fluid in the body cavity forms a ...
hydrostatic skeleton
75
animal body plans vary in:
- symmetry
- presence of true tissues
- presence of a body cavity
- details of embryonic development
76
about ___% of insects undergo ______ metamorphosis, transition from larva to adult is achieved through multiple molts W/O pupa
20%, incomplete metamorphosis
77
arthropods have:
- open circulatory system
- exoskeleton that must be shed to promote growth, made of proteins and chitin
- segments of head, thorax, and abdomen
78
set of morphological and development traits
body plan
79
immature induvial that looks different from the adult animal
larva
80
coelom functions:
- cushions internal organs
- enables them to grow and move independently of the body wall
81
lancelets (_____)
small, bladelike chordates, live in marine sands
82
animals with an ectoderm and endoderm are called...
diploblastic
83
most _____ animals possess a ___ ___ called a _____
TRIPLOBLASTIC possess a BODY CAVITY called a COELOM
84
class chelicerates (phylum arthropoda)
- include horseshoe crabs and arachnids (spiders, ticks, etc)
- most are terrestrial
85
cnidarians tissue layers
- two tissue layers
- outer epidermis
- inner cell layer lining digestive cavity
- jelly-filled middle region scattered amoeboid cells
86
chordates (phylum Chordata)
- dorsal, follow nerve cord
- flexible notochord
- pharyngeal slits
- muscular post-anal tail
87
echinoderms (phylum Echinodermata)
- ALL marine
- endoskeleton under thin skin
- water vascular sys. for movement
- slow-moving or sessile
- adults: radially symmetry / larva: bilateral
- deuterostomes
88
body of an insect:
- head
- thorax
- abdomen
- three sets of legs
- wings (few exceptions)
89
cnidarian mouth leads to ____ which functions in _____ and _____ and as a ______ skeleton
leads to gastrovascular cavity, functions in digestion & circulation, and as hydrostatic skeleton
90
miotic division of zygote is called:
cleavage
91
Flukes (class trematodes) Phylum Platyhelminthes
- parasitic flatworms
- alternating sexual and asexual stages
- produce surface proteins and release molecules that manipulate hosts immune system
92
tapeworms posterior end full of ripe eggs that are released into hosts body called...
proglottids
93
Clade Deuterostomia (bilaterians)
echinoderms (sea stars and relatives) and chordates
94
radial symmetry:
-top and bottom but NO front or back, or sides
- if sliced down middle, mirror images
95
triploblastic animals that lack a body cavity ...
acoelomates
96
adult sponges
- SESSILE
- deter pathogens, parasites, and predators by producing DEFENSIVE TOXINS AND ANTIBIOTICS
97
the name animal vertebrates come from...
series of bones that makeup backbone
98
chordates (phylum chordata)
- bilaterian
- belong to clade of animals: Deuterostomia
99
notochord
longitudinal, flexible rod between digestive tube and nerve cord
100
dorsal, hollow nerve cord
develops into central nervous system: brain and spinal cord
101
functions of pharyngeal slits:
- suspension feeding structures in invertebrate chordates
- gas exchange in vertebrates
102
in most chordates, are grooves in the pharynx that ____ develop into slits that open outside of body
pharyngeal clefts
103
in invertebrates: suspension feeding structures
in vertebrates: gas Exhange (develop into ear, head, and neck in tetrapods)
pharyngeal slits
104
in chordates: tail posterior to anus (in many reduced during embryonic development)
in aquatic species provides propelling force
muscular post-anal tail
105
lancelets (phylum cephalochordata)
- bladelike shape
- marine suspension feeders
- characteristics of chordate body plan as adults
106
tunicates (urochordata)
- more closely related to other chordates (larval stage) than lancelets
- adult tunicate draws in water through incurrent siphon filtering food particles
- when attacked, shoot water their excurrent siphon
107
vertebrates are ____ that have a backbone
chordates
108
skeletal and complex nervous system allowed vertebrates 2 essential tasks
capturing food and evading predators
109
vertebrates derived characters
spinal cord and elaborate skull (makes them craniates)
110
hagfishes (myxini)
- jawless vertebrates w/ cartilaginous skull
- reduced vertebrae
- flexible rod of cartilage derived from notochord
111
hagfish characteristics:
- small brain, eyes, ears
- toothlike formations
- marine, most bottom-dwelling scavengers
112
hagfish as a defense mechanism have...
slime glands
113
lampreys (cephalaspidomorphi)
parasites that feed by clamping their mouth onto live fish
114
origins of bone and teeth
gnathostomes
115
gnathostomes
vertebrates w/ jaws
116
today _____ vertebrates (gnathostomes) outnumber _____ vertebrates
jawed outnumber jawless
117
chondrichthyans (phylum -thyes)
- shark, rays, and relatives
- skeleton composed primarily of cartilage
118
majority of vertebrates belong to clade pf gnathostomes called...
Osteichthyes
119
nearly all living osteichthyans have bony endoskeleton reinforced w hard matrix of ___ ____
calcium phosphate
120
ray-finned fishes (actinopterygii)
- include nearly all aquatic osteichthyans
- flattened scales covered w/ mucus
- operculum covers chamber of gills
- buoyant swim bladder (ancestral lung)
121
3 lineages of lobe-fins
coelacanths, lungfishes, tetrapods
122
coelacanths
thought to have become extinct 75 million years ago, but living caught off coast of south Africa in 1938
123
lungfishes
all found in southern hemisphere
124
tetrapods
- gnathostomes w/ limbs
- 4 limbs and feet digits
- neck, head movement
- fusion of pelvic girdle to backbone
- absence of gills
- ears detecting airborne sounds
125
amphibians (class amphibia) 3 clades:
- urodela (salamanders)
- anura (frogs)
- apoda (caecilians)
126
amphibian population decline due to...
-disease-causing chytrid fungus
- habitat loss
- climate change
- pollution
127
salamanders (urodeles)
- amphibians w/ tails
- some aquatic, others live on land as adults
128
frogs (anurans)
- lack tails
- powerful hind legs
- leathery skin are toads
129
caecilians (apoda)
- legless
- nearly blind
- resemble earthworms
- absence of legs is secondary adaptation
130
amniotes are _____ that have ____ ____ egg
tetrapods, terrestrially adapted egg
131
amniotes are a group of tetrapods whise living members are ____, ____, and ____
reptiles, birds, and mammals
132
amniotic egg protects the ____
embyro
133
amniotic egg protects the ____
embyro
134
extraembryonic membranes are ...
- amnion
- chorion
- yolk sac
- allantois
135
key adaption to life on land
amniotic egg
136
amniotic eggs pf most reptiles and some mammals have a...
shell
137
living amphibians and amniotes split from common ancestor about ____ mya
350 mya
138
clade reptiles (class reptilia) include:
- tuataras
- lizards
- snakes
- turtles
- crocodilians
- birds
- some extinct groups
139
ectothermic
absorb external heat
140
endothermic
maintain body temp. through metabolism
141
lepidosaurs, 2 surviving lineages
- lizard-like reptiles: Tuataras
- lizards and snakes: Squamates
142
birds (class aves)
- reptilian anatomy modification for adaptation to flight
- major adaptation: wings w keratin feathers
143
mammals have:
- milk, hair, larger brain
- high metabolic rate due to endothermy
- differentiated teeth
144
3 living lineages of mammals
monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians
145
monotremes
small group of egg-laying mammals consisting of echidnas and platypus
146
marsupials
- opossums, kangaroos, and koalas
- embryo develops within placenta inside mother uterus
- born very early in development
- completes development in maternal pouch: marsupium
147
eutherians (placental mammals)
- complex placenta
- complete embryonic development within uterus
148
mammalian: order primates include...
lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, and apes
149
many of the primate characters are _____ adaptations
arboreal
150
primate characteristics
- shoulder & hip joints allow for climbing and brachiation
- mobile & flexible, grasping hands and feet
- sensitive hands and feet
- short snout and forward-pointing eyes for depth perception
151
order: primate divided into three groups
1. lemurs, lorises, and pottos
2. tarsiers
3. arthropods
152
arthropods include:
monkeys and apes w opposable thumbs
153
tarsiers
- small nocturnal tree-dwellers
- flat faces and large eyes
154
monkeys and apes belong to ...
hominoids
155
all monkeys are ...
- diurnal
- live in bands
- forelimbs and hind limbs are about equal in length
156
new world monkeys (central and south America)
- all arboreal
- prehensile tails
- far apart nostrils and wide open
157
old world monkeys (africa and asia)
- some are ground dwelling
- NOT prehensile tail
- close together nostrils and open downwards
158
family: hominidae (hominoids) include:
humans, and 4 other groups of apes
159
gibbons
- ONLY fully arboreal apes
- monogamous
- smallest, lightest, most acrobatic
160
orangutans
- largest arboreal mammal
- shy and solitary
- live in rainforest trees and forest floor
161
gorillas
- largest of the apes
- fully terrestrial
- knuckle walkers
162
chimpanzees
- make and use tools
- humans and chimps share 99% of genes
- diverged from common ancestor between 5-7 million years ago
163
the study of human origins and evolution
paleoanthropology
164
bipedalism arose ____ of years before _____
millions of years, larger brain size
165
larger brains mark the evolution of the genus ____
homo
