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BIO1108k > chapter 32, 33, & 34 > Flashcards

chapter 32, 33, & 34 Flashcards

1
Q

rotifers have an ____ ____, digestive tube w/ a separate mouth and anus lying within fluid-filled pseudocoelom

A

alimentary canal

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2
Q

animals that possess true coelom which lined by tissue derived from mesoderm…

A

coelomates

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3
Q

670 million years ago

A

bilateria

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4
Q

animals that ALSO have an intervening mesoderm layer

A

triploblastic

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5
Q

tapeworms (class cestoda) phylum Platyhelminthes

A
  • vertebrate parasites and lack digestive system
  • absorb nutrients from hosts intestine
  • ribbon-like body with repeated units
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6
Q

process by which exoskeletons are shed

A

ecdysis

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7
Q

sedentary polyp body:

A

cylindrical w/ tentacles projecting from one end; like a sea enomone

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8
Q

hirundinea (leeches)

A
  • most are free-living carnivores, some suck blood
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9
Q

Polychaetes (largest group of annelids)

A
  • each segment has pair of fleshy appendages w/ stiff bristles or chaetae
  • search for prey on seafloor
  • OR live in tubes and filter food particles
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10
Q

nematodes/roundworms (phylum nematoda)

A
  • bilateral symmetry
  • 3 tissue layers (eumetazoans)
  • pseudocoelom body cavity
  • complete digestive tract
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11
Q

how do rotifers reproduce?
Hint: females produce offspring from underutilized eggs

A

parthenogenesis

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12
Q

mobile medusa form:

A

marine jelly; like umbrella w/ tentacles projecting along edges

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13
Q

Rotifers (phylum Rotifera)

A
  • tiny animals (freshwater, ocean, damp soil)
  • multicellular w/ specialized organs
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14
Q

class pancrustaceans (phylum Arthropoda)

A
  • formerly in 2 groups, crustaceans and insects
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15
Q

the opening that forms during gastrulation and connects the archenteron to the exterior of the gastrula

A

blastopore

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16
Q

cnidarians feeding mode:

A
  • carnivores; use their tentacles to capture prey and push prey into mouths
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17
Q

blastopore becomes the mouth

A

protstome

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18
Q

success of insects due to:

A
  • waterproof cuticle
  • flight
  • segmentation
  • exoskeleton
  • jointed appendages
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19
Q

the simplest chordates are ____ and ____

A

tunicates and lancelets

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20
Q

common ancestor of all living animals likely lived between ___ and ___

A

700 and 770 million years ago

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21
Q

770 million years ago

A

metazoa

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22
Q

insects (hexapods)

A
  • most successful animals on earth
  • live in almost every terrestrial habit and freshwater
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23
Q

Clade Ecdysozoa (bilaterians)

A

invertebrates that shed their exoskeletons

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24
Q

mesoderm:

A
  • MIDDLE cell layer
  • gives rise to muscles and most internal organs
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25
Q

insects have a _____ life cycle w/ ____ generations and _____ numbers of offspring

A

complex life cycle, short generations, and large # of offspring

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26
Q

crustaceans:

A
  • nearly all aquatic
  • shrimp, crab, barnacles
  • feed w/ jointed appendages
  • ONE terrestrial group: isopods like the roly-poly
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27
Q

type of circulatory system for annelids

A

CLOSED circulatory system, blood remains enclosed in vessels throughout body

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28
Q

embryonic cleavage eventually results in a hollow ball of cells called …

A

blastula

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29
Q

molluscs (phylum mollusca)

A
  • muscular foot, functions in locomotion
  • visceral mass containing most internal organs, that may be protected by shell secreted by mantle
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30
Q

most adult animals are _______ and reproduce ______

A

diploid, sexually

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31
Q

ectoderm:

A
  • OUTER cell layer
  • gives rise to skin and nervous system
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32
Q

the type of circulatory system for many invertebrates (molluscs and arthropods)

A

OPEN circulatory system, blood is pumped through vessels into open body cavities

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33
Q

class myriapods (phylum Arthropoda)

A
  • millipedes, herbivores w/ two pairs of short legs per body segment
  • centipedes, carnivores w/ one pair of legs per body segment
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34
Q

simple, sedentary animals without true tissues

A

sponges (phylum porifera)

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35
Q

organisms with tissues are called…

A

eumetazoans

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36
Q

bilateria:

A
  • Deuterostomia
  • lophotrochozoan
  • Ecdysozoa
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37
Q

70% of all identified animal species are ____

A

insects

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38
Q

cnidarian (phylum cnidaria) characteristics:

A

radial animal’s w/ tentacles and stinging cells

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39
Q

class gastropods (phylum mollusca)

A
  • largest group of molluscs (include snails and slugs)
  • only molluscs to live on land, using mantle cavity as lung
  • protected by single spiral shell
  • long colorful projections functioning as gills in water
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40
Q

10 phyla (that we are covering)

A
  • Porifera (sponges)
  • Cnidaria
  • Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
  • Rotifera
  • Mollusca
  • Annelida (segmented worms)
  • Nematoda (roundworms)
  • Arthropoda
  • Echinodermata
  • Chordata
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41
Q

blastopore becomes the anus

A

deuterostome

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42
Q

annelids (phylum annelida)

A
  • segmentation
  • true coelom that functions as hydrostatic skeleton
  • nervous system (simple brain and ventral nerve cord)
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43
Q

ability of echinoderms

A
  • water-filled canals that branch into extensions (tube feet)
  • regenerate lost arms
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44
Q

Clade Lophotrochozoa (bilaterian)

A
  • some have a feeding stricture called LOPHOPHORE
  • others go through distinct developmental stage called TROCHOPHORE LARVA
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45
Q

endoderm:

A
  • INNER cell layer
  • lining of future digestive tract
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46
Q

coelom location:

A

fluid-filled space between digestive tract and outer body wall

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47
Q

sponges feeding mode

A

suspension feeders
filtering food particles w/ food trapping equipment

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48
Q

cluster of master control _____ ____ (HOX genes), control transformation of zygote into an adult animal

A

homeotic genes

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49
Q

arthropods (phylum Arthropoda) general:

A
  • segmented animals
  • jointed appendages
  • exoskeleton
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50
Q

flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes)

A
  • simplest bilaterians
  • live in marine, freshwater, & damp terrestrial
  • some are parasitic, others free-living
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51
Q

octopuses:

A

live on seafloor, and creep as active predators

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52
Q

squids:

A

fast and use muscular siphon for jet propulsion

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53
Q

more than __% of insect species undergo _____ metamorphosis, free-living larva transform from pupa into adult

A

80%, complete metamorphosis

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54
Q

triploblastic animals that possess a pseudocoelom…

A

pseudocoelomates

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55
Q

the animal eggs and sperm:

A
  • produced by MEISOSIS
  • only HAPLOID cells
  • fuse during FERTILIZATION to form a DIPLOID ZYGOTE
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56
Q

class cephalopods (phylum Mollusca)

A
  • squids, octopuses, nautiluses
  • fast agile predators
  • large brains and sophisticated sense organs
  • complex image-focusing eyes
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57
Q

class bivalves (phylum Mollusca)

A
  • clams, oysters, mussels scallops
  • shells divided in 2 halves held together by hinges
  • (most) sedentary suspensions feeders, attached by strong threads
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58
Q

animal zygote divides by:

A

mitosis

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59
Q

how molluscs feed:

A
  • rasposa radula, used to scrape up food
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60
Q

bilateral symmetry

A

mirror image right and left sides

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61
Q

eumetazoa:

A

cnidaria

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62
Q

arthropods animals include:

A
  • crayfish
  • lobsters
  • crabs
  • barnacles
  • spiders
  • ticks
  • insects
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63
Q

680 million years ago

A

eumetazoa

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64
Q

during the Paleozoic era (543-251 mya), the _____ _____ may have been caused by (3)…

A

Cambrian explosion:
- increasingly complex predator-prey relationships
- increase in atmospheric oxygen
- arrival of homeotic genes

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65
Q

Oligochaeta (earthworms)

A
  • ingest soil and extract nutrients
  • aerate soil an improve texture
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66
Q

metazoa:

A

porifera

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67
Q

animals’ nutritional mode

A

chemoheterotrophs

68
Q

3 groups of annelids:

A
  • Oligochaeta (earthworms)
  • polychaeta (polychaetes)
  • hirudinea (leeches)
69
Q

cleavage results in …

A

embryo

70
Q

animals cell structure and specialization

A
  • multicellular
  • lack cell walls
  • held together by collagen
  • unique nervous and muscle tissue
71
Q

adult tunicates (_____) and larva tunicates

A

Urochordata, stationary and attached
larva tunicates are tadpole-like organism

72
Q

a body cavity derived from the mesoderm an endoderm

A

pseudocoelom

73
Q

animal takes on different body form as it develops from larva to adult

A

metamorphosis

74
Q

in soft-bodied animals, fluid in the body cavity forms a …

A

hydrostatic skeleton

75
Q

animal body plans vary in:

A
  • symmetry
  • presence of true tissues
  • presence of a body cavity
  • details of embryonic development
76
Q

about ___% of insects undergo ______ metamorphosis, transition from larva to adult is achieved through multiple molts W/O pupa

A

20%, incomplete metamorphosis

77
Q

arthropods have:

A
  • open circulatory system
  • exoskeleton that must be shed to promote growth, made of proteins and chitin
  • segments of head, thorax, and abdomen
78
Q

set of morphological and development traits

A

body plan

79
Q

immature induvial that looks different from the adult animal

A

larva

80
Q

coelom functions:

A
  • cushions internal organs
  • enables them to grow and move independently of the body wall
81
Q

lancelets (_____)

A

small, bladelike chordates, live in marine sands

82
Q

animals with an ectoderm and endoderm are called…

A

diploblastic

83
Q

most _____ animals possess a ___ ___ called a _____

A

TRIPLOBLASTIC possess a BODY CAVITY called a COELOM

84
Q

class chelicerates (phylum arthropoda)

A
  • include horseshoe crabs and arachnids (spiders, ticks, etc)
  • most are terrestrial
85
Q

cnidarians tissue layers

A
  • two tissue layers
  • outer epidermis
  • inner cell layer lining digestive cavity
  • jelly-filled middle region scattered amoeboid cells
86
Q

chordates (phylum Chordata)

A
  • dorsal, follow nerve cord
  • flexible notochord
  • pharyngeal slits
  • muscular post-anal tail
87
Q

echinoderms (phylum Echinodermata)

A
  • ALL marine
  • endoskeleton under thin skin
  • water vascular sys. for movement
  • slow-moving or sessile
  • adults: radially symmetry / larva: bilateral
  • deuterostomes
88
Q

body of an insect:

A
  • head
  • thorax
  • abdomen
  • three sets of legs
  • wings (few exceptions)
89
Q

cnidarian mouth leads to ____ which functions in _____ and _____ and as a ______ skeleton

A

leads to gastrovascular cavity, functions in digestion & circulation, and as hydrostatic skeleton

90
Q

miotic division of zygote is called:

A

cleavage

91
Q

Flukes (class trematodes) Phylum Platyhelminthes

A
  • parasitic flatworms
  • alternating sexual and asexual stages
  • produce surface proteins and release molecules that manipulate hosts immune system
92
Q

tapeworms posterior end full of ripe eggs that are released into hosts body called…

A

proglottids

93
Q

Clade Deuterostomia (bilaterians)

A

echinoderms (sea stars and relatives) and chordates

94
Q

radial symmetry:

A

-top and bottom but NO front or back, or sides
- if sliced down middle, mirror images

95
Q

triploblastic animals that lack a body cavity …

A

acoelomates

96
Q

adult sponges

A
  • SESSILE
  • deter pathogens, parasites, and predators by producing DEFENSIVE TOXINS AND ANTIBIOTICS
97
Q

the name animal vertebrates come from…

A

series of bones that makeup backbone

98
Q

chordates (phylum chordata)

A
  • bilaterian
  • belong to clade of animals: Deuterostomia
99
Q

notochord

A

longitudinal, flexible rod between digestive tube and nerve cord

100
Q

dorsal, hollow nerve cord

A

develops into central nervous system: brain and spinal cord

101
Q

functions of pharyngeal slits:

A
  • suspension feeding structures in invertebrate chordates
  • gas exchange in vertebrates
102
Q

in most chordates, are grooves in the pharynx that ____ develop into slits that open outside of body

A

pharyngeal clefts

103
Q

in invertebrates: suspension feeding structures
in vertebrates: gas Exhange (develop into ear, head, and neck in tetrapods)

A

pharyngeal slits

104
Q

in chordates: tail posterior to anus (in many reduced during embryonic development)
in aquatic species provides propelling force

A

muscular post-anal tail

105
Q

lancelets (phylum cephalochordata)

A
  • bladelike shape
  • marine suspension feeders
  • characteristics of chordate body plan as adults
106
Q

tunicates (urochordata)

A
  • more closely related to other chordates (larval stage) than lancelets
  • adult tunicate draws in water through incurrent siphon filtering food particles
  • when attacked, shoot water their excurrent siphon
107
Q

vertebrates are ____ that have a backbone

A

chordates

108
Q

skeletal and complex nervous system allowed vertebrates 2 essential tasks

A

capturing food and evading predators

109
Q

vertebrates derived characters

A

spinal cord and elaborate skull (makes them craniates)

110
Q

hagfishes (myxini)

A
  • jawless vertebrates w/ cartilaginous skull
  • reduced vertebrae
  • flexible rod of cartilage derived from notochord
111
Q

hagfish characteristics:

A
  • small brain, eyes, ears
  • toothlike formations
  • marine, most bottom-dwelling scavengers
112
Q

hagfish as a defense mechanism have…

A

slime glands

113
Q

lampreys (cephalaspidomorphi)

A

parasites that feed by clamping their mouth onto live fish

114
Q

origins of bone and teeth

A

gnathostomes

115
Q

gnathostomes

A

vertebrates w/ jaws

116
Q

today _____ vertebrates (gnathostomes) outnumber _____ vertebrates

A

jawed outnumber jawless

117
Q

chondrichthyans (phylum -thyes)

A
  • shark, rays, and relatives
  • skeleton composed primarily of cartilage
118
Q

majority of vertebrates belong to clade pf gnathostomes called…

A

Osteichthyes

119
Q

nearly all living osteichthyans have bony endoskeleton reinforced w hard matrix of ___ ____

A

calcium phosphate

120
Q

ray-finned fishes (actinopterygii)

A
  • include nearly all aquatic osteichthyans
  • flattened scales covered w/ mucus
  • operculum covers chamber of gills
  • buoyant swim bladder (ancestral lung)
121
Q

3 lineages of lobe-fins

A

coelacanths, lungfishes, tetrapods

122
Q

coelacanths

A

thought to have become extinct 75 million years ago, but living caught off coast of south Africa in 1938

123
Q

lungfishes

A

all found in southern hemisphere

124
Q

tetrapods

A
  • gnathostomes w/ limbs
  • 4 limbs and feet digits
  • neck, head movement
  • fusion of pelvic girdle to backbone
  • absence of gills
  • ears detecting airborne sounds
125
Q

amphibians (class amphibia) 3 clades:

A
  • urodela (salamanders)
  • anura (frogs)
  • apoda (caecilians)
126
Q

amphibian population decline due to…

A

-disease-causing chytrid fungus
- habitat loss
- climate change
- pollution

127
Q

salamanders (urodeles)

A
  • amphibians w/ tails
  • some aquatic, others live on land as adults
128
Q

frogs (anurans)

A
  • lack tails
  • powerful hind legs
  • leathery skin are toads
129
Q

caecilians (apoda)

A
  • legless
  • nearly blind
  • resemble earthworms
  • absence of legs is secondary adaptation
130
Q

amniotes are _____ that have ____ ____ egg

A

tetrapods, terrestrially adapted egg

131
Q

amniotes are a group of tetrapods whise living members are ____, ____, and ____

A

reptiles, birds, and mammals

132
Q

amniotic egg protects the ____

A

embyro

133
Q

amniotic egg protects the ____

A

embyro

134
Q

extraembryonic membranes are …

A
  • amnion
  • chorion
  • yolk sac
  • allantois
135
Q

key adaption to life on land

A

amniotic egg

136
Q

amniotic eggs pf most reptiles and some mammals have a…

A

shell

137
Q

living amphibians and amniotes split from common ancestor about ____ mya

A

350 mya

138
Q

clade reptiles (class reptilia) include:

A
  • tuataras
  • lizards
  • snakes
  • turtles
  • crocodilians
  • birds
  • some extinct groups
139
Q

ectothermic

A

absorb external heat

140
Q

endothermic

A

maintain body temp. through metabolism

141
Q

lepidosaurs, 2 surviving lineages

A
  • lizard-like reptiles: Tuataras
  • lizards and snakes: Squamates
142
Q

birds (class aves)

A
  • reptilian anatomy modification for adaptation to flight
  • major adaptation: wings w keratin feathers
143
Q

mammals have:

A
  • milk, hair, larger brain
  • high metabolic rate due to endothermy
  • differentiated teeth
144
Q

3 living lineages of mammals

A

monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians

145
Q

monotremes

A

small group of egg-laying mammals consisting of echidnas and platypus

146
Q

marsupials

A
  • opossums, kangaroos, and koalas
  • embryo develops within placenta inside mother uterus
  • born very early in development
  • completes development in maternal pouch: marsupium
147
Q

eutherians (placental mammals)

A
  • complex placenta
  • complete embryonic development within uterus
148
Q

mammalian: order primates include…

A

lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, and apes

149
Q

many of the primate characters are _____ adaptations

A

arboreal

150
Q

primate characteristics

A
  • shoulder & hip joints allow for climbing and brachiation
  • mobile & flexible, grasping hands and feet
  • sensitive hands and feet
  • short snout and forward-pointing eyes for depth perception
151
Q

order: primate divided into three groups

A
  1. lemurs, lorises, and pottos
  2. tarsiers
  3. arthropods
152
Q

arthropods include:

A

monkeys and apes w opposable thumbs

153
Q

tarsiers

A
  • small nocturnal tree-dwellers
  • flat faces and large eyes
154
Q

monkeys and apes belong to …

A

hominoids

155
Q

all monkeys are …

A
  • diurnal
  • live in bands
  • forelimbs and hind limbs are about equal in length
156
Q

new world monkeys (central and south America)

A
  • all arboreal
  • prehensile tails
  • far apart nostrils and wide open
157
Q

old world monkeys (africa and asia)

A
  • some are ground dwelling
  • NOT prehensile tail
  • close together nostrils and open downwards
158
Q

family: hominidae (hominoids) include:

A

humans, and 4 other groups of apes

159
Q

gibbons

A
  • ONLY fully arboreal apes
  • monogamous
  • smallest, lightest, most acrobatic
160
Q

orangutans

A
  • largest arboreal mammal
  • shy and solitary
  • live in rainforest trees and forest floor
161
Q

gorillas

A
  • largest of the apes
  • fully terrestrial
  • knuckle walkers
162
Q

chimpanzees

A
  • make and use tools
  • humans and chimps share 99% of genes
  • diverged from common ancestor between 5-7 million years ago
163
Q

the study of human origins and evolution

A

paleoanthropology

164
Q

bipedalism arose ____ of years before _____

A

millions of years, larger brain size

165
Q

larger brains mark the evolution of the genus ____

A

homo

BIO1108k (5 decks)

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