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exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

fungi characteristics: 5

A
  • eukaryotes
  • chemoheterotrophic
  • nutrients by absorption
  • decomposers
  • symbiotic
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2
Q

body form fungi part 1 & 2

A
  • hyphae (single-cell thick “twig branches”
  • hyphae mass = mycelium (mushroom)
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3
Q

mycelia need big surface area bc…

A

= larger area to secrete enzymes for nutrients

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4
Q

mushroom is _______ structure

A

reproductive structure, like a flower

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5
Q

fungal hyphae cell walls are made of

A

chitin

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6
Q

fungi are ___ and ___ symbiotic

A

parasitic and mutualists

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7
Q

mycorrhizae (plural)

A
  • symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant root cells
  • present in nearly all vascular plants
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8
Q

why is mycorrhizae beneficial to both?

A
  • plant: fungus absorb phosphorus and other essential materials from soil for plant
  • fungi: colonize land and are fed by plant
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9
Q

crops with mycorr. is ____ than not having it

A

healthier

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10
Q

fungi are usually _____ and ______

A
  • haploid
  • asexual
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11
Q

when environment changes, some species of fungus will reproduce ____ and have ____ _____

A
  • sexually
  • diploid zygote
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12
Q

fungus “holding” stage is called:

A

heterokaryotic stage:
cells have 2 genetically diff. haploid nuclei

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13
Q

two kinds of fungus: single celled

A

mold and yeast

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14
Q

“mycota”

A

A fungus or fungus-like

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15
Q

chytrids:

A
  • only fungi w/ flagellated spores (swim)
  • earliest lineage of fungi
  • common in lakes, ponds, and soil …. linked to decline of amphib. species
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16
Q

zygomycetes or zygote fungi:

A
  • protective zygosporangium (black bread mold)
  • fast-growing mold group that attack
  • spore sacs
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17
Q

glomeromycetes:

A
  • hyphae that invade plant roots
    *******
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18
Q

ascomycetes (sac fungi)

A
  • live in marine and freshwater
    *****
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19
Q

basidiomycetes (club fungi)

A
  • common mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungus
  • Important forest decomposers
  • destructive plant parasites (rust or smuts)
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20
Q

The majority of plant diseases are caused by …

A

fungus

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21
Q

rusts (ERGOT)

A
  • hits grains (rice, wheat, barley, rye)
  • if it goes unnoticed and ingested… will cause hallucinations, gangrene, etc… like LSD
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22
Q

only about ____% species of fungus are parasitic on animals

A

50%

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23
Q

fungus are _____ pathogens on animals

A

opportunistic

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24
Q

skin mycoses
examples:

A
  • ringworm
  • athletes foot
  • vaginal yeast infections
  • deadly lung diseases
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25
general term for fungal infection
mycosis
26
fungus practical uses for humans:
- cheese and mushrooms - yeast (bread and alcohol) - penicillium - molecular bio and DNA analysis
27
Lichens symbiotic relationship with fungus
- photosynthetic protist (cyanobacteria and algae) - with a mass of fungal hyphae - exchange nutrients
28
lichen help pioneer new land by ....
help form soil
29
lichen sensitive to:
air pollution (they obtain minerals from air)
30
animals are:
- multicellular eukaryotes - chemoheterotrophs - have cells that lack cell walls
31
animals use _____ (the eating of food)
ingestion (to put food inside body TO BE digested)
32
most adult animals are ____ and reproduce _____
diploid and reproduce sexually
33
animals egg and sperm, only time we are ____ cells
haploid
34
animals egg and sperm are produced by ____
meiosis
35
eggs and sperm fuse during _____ to form a diploid zygote
fertilization
36
zygote divides by mitosis to form a hollow ball of cells called __________
blastula
37
what is a blastula?
early embryonic stage, shaped like a hollow ball of cells
38
one side of blastula folds inward and cell rearrange into a _______
glastrula
39
strula estabalhes three embryonic layers:
1. endoderm 2. ectoderm 3. mesoderm
40
endoderm:
inner cell later, forms lining of future digestive tract
41
ectoderm:
outer cell layer, will give rise to skin and nervous system
42
mesoderm:
middle cell layer, will give rise to muscles and most internal organs
43
animals also have _____ systems and ______ in order to react to environment
nervous systems and muscles
44
after gastrula stage, animals develop directly into ____
adults
45
Larva:
immature individuals that look diff from adult animal
46
larva goes through _____ to become adult
metamorphosis
47
HOX (homeotic genes)
"master control genes" decide what other genes turn on and off
48
Cambrian explosion may have been caused by .... (three)
1. increasingly complex predator-prey relationships 2. increase in atmospheric O2 3. arrival of homeotic genes
49
animal body plans vary... (5)
- presence of true tissues - type of digestive sys. - symmetry - presence of body cavity - details of embryonic development
50
presence of true tissues:
- has tissues: eumetazoans (eu-new meta-layer zoan-animal)
51
sponges are only animals that lack _____
true tissues
52
two types of digestive systems:
- gastrovascular cavity - complete gut
53
gastrovascular cavity:
only has - mouth/anus are same thing - gastrovasc. cavity
54
complete gut:
- first: mouth - complete gut - last: anus
55
symmetry:
- NO symmetry - radial symmetry - bilateral symmetry
56
radial symmetry:
"rounded" symmetry, top and bottom
57
bilateral symmetry:
"two sides" divided along a single plane
58
body cavity: only bilaterals
- lack of coelom (no body cavity) - pseudocoelom - true coelom
59
pseudocoelom:
a fake coelom; not embedded in mesoderm, but NEXT to it.
60
true coelom:
surrounded by mesoderm tissue
61
openings formed during gastrulation:
protostomes and deuterostomes
62
protostomes: bilaterals
opening becomes mouth
63
deuterostomes: bilaterals
opening becomes anus, and SECOND opening becomes mouth
64
Porifera checklist:
no tissue gastrovascular cavity no symmetry ex: sponges
65
cnidarians checklist
eumetazoans (yes tissue) gastrovascular cavity radial symmetry ex: jellyfish and sea anemone
66
Platyhelminthes checklist:
eumetazoans (yes tissue) gastrovascular cavity bilateral symmetry protostomes ex: flatworms
67
nematodes checklist:
eumetazoans (yes tissue) complete gut bilateral symmetry pseudocoelom protostomes ex: roundworms
68
molluscs checklist:
eumetazoans (yes tissue) complete gut bilateral symmetry true coelom protostomes ex: snails, octo/squid, clams
69
annelids checklist:
eumetazoans (yes tissue) complete gut true coelom bilateral protostomes ex: segmented worms
70
arthropods checklist:
eumetazoans (yes tissue) complete gut true coelom bilateral protostomes ex: scorpions, crabs, insects.
71
70% of animal species are _________
insects (arthropods)
72
echinoderms checklist:
eumetazoans (yes tissue) complete gut radial symmetry as adults true coelom deuterostomes other: sea stars, sand dollars
73
chordata checklist:
eumetazoans (yes tissue) complete gut bilateral true coelom deuterostomes
74
4 features to define chordates:
- nerve cord along the back - flexible notochord that supports ^ - pharyngeal slits (at some point in life span) - post anal tail
75
Platyhelminthes: 3 types
- free-living flatworms - flukes - tapeworms
76
molluscs: 3 types
- gastropods - bivalves - cephalopods
77
annelids:
- earthworms - polychaetes - leeches
78
arthropods: 4 types
- chelicerates (crabs/arachnids) - millipedes and centipedes - crustaceans - insects
79
(simplest) chordates: 2 types
- tunicates - lancelets
80
body of insect:
- head - thorax - abdomen - three sets of legs - wings (few exceptions)
81
incomplete metamorphosis:
compete with adults a "mini me" until adults ex: have wings but can't fly yet (grasshoppers)
82
complete metamorphosis:
- larvae: eat eat eat - stasis period: cocoons etc - adult stage: reproductive and wings
83
what makes insects successful?
- body segmentation - exoskeleton - jointed appendages - flight - waterproof cuticle - complex life cycle with short

BIO Loera (10 decks)

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