Exam 3: Week 11

Question 1

what research focuses on psychosocial factors that can be changed? (3)

Answer 1

• Perceived control
• Social support
• Coping strategies

Question 2

General locus of control

Answer 2

personality trait for the extent to which people believe they can control the events in their lives

Question 3

internal locus of control

Answer 3

you make things happen in your life

Question 4

external locus of control

Answer 4

things happen to them

Question 5

rotters locus of control

Answer 5

• Many of the unhappy things in people’s lives are partly due to bad luck ⇒ ext
• Peoples misfortunes result from the mistakes they make ⇒ int
• One of the major reasons why we have wars is because people don’t take enough interest in politics ⇒ int
• There will always be wars no matter how hard people try to prevent them ⇒ ext
• In the long run people get the respect they deserve in this world ⇒ int
• Individuals worth often passes unrecognized no matter what they do

Question 6

pearling mastery scale components (4)

Answer 6

• external locus of control
• internal locus of control
• mental health
• physical health

Question 7

mental health components of pearlin mastery scale? (2)

Answer 7

• Less depression and anxiety
• Higher self esteem

Question 8

physical health components of pearlin mastery scale? (5)

Answer 8

• Better self reported health
• Fewer and less severe physical symptoms
• Faster recovery from illness
• Better physical functioning
• More likely to engage in health promoting behaviors

Question 9

what are perceived control and trauma associated with?

Answer 9

higher mortality risk over the 10 year period

Question 10

what is internal LOC associated with?

Answer 10

lower risk of death

Question 11

what is external LOC associated with?

Answer 11

higher risk of death

Question 12

what is greater lifetime trauma exposure associated with?

Answer 12

higher risk of death

Question 13

what does internal LOC buffer?

Answer 13

the effects of trauma exposure on mortality risk

Question 14

what are low mastery and trauma associated with?

Answer 14

higher death rates

Question 15

T/F people with lots of traumas but high LOC were at greater risk than those with no trauma

Answer 15

False
- they are not
- general locus of control is not the same as event specific control beliefs

Question 16

Event specific control

Answer 16

refers to perceptions about whether a specific event is controllable
- Even someone with an internal locus of control will perceive some events as controllable ⇒ ex: like someone else dying
- Event specific beliefs tend to be more related to important outcomes than general control beliefs

Question 17

temporal aspects of event specific control? (3)

Answer 17

• past control
• future control
• present control

Question 18

past control

Answer 18

being able to prevent something

Question 19

what is past control associated with?

Answer 19

Unassociated or positively associated with distress
- Contrary to assumption in literature that controllable events are less distressing
- Traumas generally are not controllable

Question 20

future control

Answer 20

continue to prevent something from happening

Question 21

what is future control associated with?

Answer 21

Evidence is mixed ⇒ may depend on actual controllability

Question 22

present control

Answer 22

your control in the current moment

Question 23

what is present control associated with?

Answer 23

• Consistently related to less distress
• More strongly related to less distress than other types of control

Question 24

T/F no standard measure that could be used to assess perceived past, present, and future control across events

Answer 24

True
- Existing measures often combined past, present, and future control
- Were event specific
- needed measure to assess efficacy of interventions to increase present control

Question 25

what id the study of perceived control over events find?

Answer 25

only present control is related to less event related distress ⇒ correlation of 0.46-0.52 - This is a large correlation

Question 26

what is present control related to in terms of locus of control

Answer 26

internal locus of control - this is also a large correlation of 0.46

Question 27

which is more important: present control or general control?

Answer 27

present control is more important than general control beliefs in predicting distress - General internal LOC was only correlated by about 0.13 - Present control was correlated by 0.41 with less distress

Question 28

what type of control predicts distress beyond other known predictors?

Answer 28

present control (better than others) - General perceptions of control - Approach and avoidant coping strategies - Number of lifetime traumas - Social support - Neuroticism

Question 29

which type of control has the strongest relations with less distress?

Answer 29

present control - It is one of the only factors associated with better adjustment

Question 30

across events, future control beliefs are ____ if the event is _____ but ____ if it is ______

Answer 30

good; controllable; bad; uncontrollable

Question 31

What is general locus of control? - Unrelated to event specific control - Moderately correlated with present control - Is more related to distress than is event specific control - Is moderately correlated with past control

Answer 31

Moderately correlated with present control

Question 32

what type of control is the most related to better adjustment?

Answer 32

focusing on what we can actually control - how we react and how we think/feel about the event - stronger than social support, coping, general control beliefs, neuroticism, prior trauma history

Question 33

reasons for doing online formats for perceived control interventions? (4)

Answer 33

- Can be done in private ⇒ reduce stigma - Convenient ⇒ can be done at any time - Cost effective ⇒ creation for free sometimes - Increase access ⇒ no waiting lists

Question 34

what is affective at improving college student mental health?

Answer 34

skills based online interventions - Indicated is recruiting people who are already stressed with anxiety symptoms and universal is giving the intervention to anyone

Question 35

who is the most effected by online interventions?

Answer 35

More effective for people who need the intervention

Question 36

is internet delivered cognitive behavioral therapy or face to face CBT more effective?

Answer 36

neither they are equal - Even if its in an online format

Question 37

what are scientific reasons for present control intervention? (2)

Answer 37

- Present control is correlated with less stress, anxiety, depression - Need to take an experimental approach to show causation

Question 38

which groups out present control intervention, present control with feedback, and stress modules increase the most?

Answer 38

intervention groups report greater increases in present control - intervention groups reported less perceived stress - Fewer stress symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and depressed symptoms

Question 39

what changes about the stressor for the intervention group as a result of actions?

Answer 39

- less work to do after proactivity instead of freaking out about how much to do - Realization of not always being able to control things, so less things are taken personally

Question 40

what is interpersonal violence as common and related to as?

Answer 40

higher distress - 39% of the sample had a history of IPV ⇒ family violence, sexual assault, unwanted sexual attention - at baseline these students with a history of IPV reported more depression, anxiety, stress symptoms, perceived stress and rumination but NOT less present control

Question 41

which type of students was intervention more effective for?

Answer 41

students with IPV history and went down to the level of that for students with no IPV - The higher the score the more the anxiety and dashed line is the waitlist group while solid line is the intervention group

Question 42

Do you need a certain level of distress to benefit from the intervention?

Answer 42

intervention more effective for those who were more stressed at baseline or with trauma histories

Question 43

do apps work for intervention on phones vs the web?

Answer 43

No - much smaller within group effect size in app (phone) vs web based version of intervention for general student population - participants who did mobile app intervention wrote ⅓ as much as those who did web based version

Question 44

The present control intervention… - Works better as a mobile app - Is not effective for those with a trauma history - Is more effective for those with high present control - Is more effective for those with more distress

Answer 44

Is more effective for those with more distress

Question 45

what type of level stress symptoms did students report during the pandemic vs pre-pandemic?

Answer 45

moderate to severe stress symptoms - many aspects of the current pandemic seemed outside of control

Question 46

what % of students report feeling like there is nothing they can do during the pandemic? feeling significantly less agentic?

Answer 46

80%; 75% - highest stress in spring 2020 compared to fall 2020

Question 47

what are the CDC stress management recommendations? (4)

Answer 47

- Take breaks from watching, reading, or listening to news stories including social media - Take care of your body - Make time to unwind - Connect with others

Question 48

how does the CDC suggest taking care of ones body? (5)

Answer 48

- Take deep breaths, stretch, or meditate - Try to eat healthy and well balanced meals - Exercise regularly - Get plenty of sleep - Avoid alcohol and drugs

Question 49

how do CDC and CWYC interventions change symptoms compared to being on a waitlist?

Answer 49

they reduce symtpoms - CWYC and CDC interventions equally effective and better than no intervention

Question 50

end card

Answer 50

:)