Exam 1: Week 2 content

Question 1

what aspects of stress differ for people? (5)

Answer 1

• Amount of stress
• Sources of stress
• Differences across groups
• Effects of stress
• Coping behaviors

Question 2

T/F US adults rate their stress higher than healthy levels of stress?

Answer 2

True
- stress is going down over time => not necessarily higher during the pandemic

Question 3

Main sources of stress for most people (3) minor (2)

Answer 3

money and work as well as the economy more recently
- family and health concerns are also major stressors

Question 4

what are new political stressors that people deal with (5)

Answer 4

• Rise in prices of everyday items due to inflation ⇒ 87%
• Supply chain issues ⇒ 81%
• Global uncertainty ⇒ 81%
• Potential retaliation from Russia ⇒ 80%
• Russian invasion of Ukraine ⇒ 80%

Question 5

T/F overall stress levels have not stayed consistent over time?

Answer 5

false, stress levels have stayed pretty consistent between 2012 and 2022 despite the pandemic
- average Americans perceive own stress as higher than a healthy level of stress

Question 6

which age groups are more stressed out?

Answer 6

ages 18-23 have the most stress and stress decreases with age

Question 7

what are things gen Z is most likely to report? (3)

Answer 7

Work and money were the top sources of stress for gen Z adults
- Feeling very lonely (63%)
- Negative impacts on their relationship (63%)
-That they could have used more support (82%)

Question 8

what are differences in stress across gender?

Answer 8

women report more stress than men and younger women report the most stress
- the gap may increase with time

Question 9

sexual orientation differences in stress?

Answer 9

LGBT adults report higher stress levels than their non-LGBT peers
- LGBT also feel like their rights are under attack more
- most days stress is completely overwhelming

Question 10

what are race differences in stress?

Answer 10

Hispanic (Latino/a) adults tend to report most stress followed by white, black, and asian
- Blacks most likely to say that racial climate is a significant source of stress

Question 11

Which statement about the APA stress in america surveys is most accurate
- On average, people report that their stress is higher than a healthy level of stress
- Stress levels have been increasing over time
- Relationships and work are the top two stressors
- Older women report the most stress

Answer 11

On average, people report that their stress is higher than a healthy level of stress

Question 12

what is the job demands resource model?

Answer 12

job demands and job resources either lead to burnout or work engagement
- job demands lead to higher burnout and negative well being/performance
- job resources lead to more work engagement and better well being

Question 13

burnout

Answer 13

exhaustion, cynicism, feelings of reduced efficacy ⇒ results from chronic workplace stress that has not been successfully managed

Question 14

exhaustion

Answer 14

feeling emotionally drained by work

Question 15

cynicism

Answer 15

not caring about what happens to people/things at work

Question 16

reduced efficacy

Answer 16

lower scores of accomplishing worthwhile things at work

Question 17

antecedents of work burnout (6)

Answer 17

• Role ambiguity: unclear work responsibilities
• Role conflict: conflicting demands at work
• Workload: amount of work
• Work pressure: deadlines
• Emotional demands: dealing with crabby people
• Changes In tasks: technology

Question 18

meta analysis

Answer 18

quantitative method of combining results across many studies to get an estimate of the average finding across studies

Question 19

what are work demands? (3)

Answer 19

• Role ambiguity
• Role conflict ⇒ highest (large)
• Workload ⇒ high (moderate)

Question 20

work engagement

Answer 20

energy/vigor, involvement/dedication, absorption

Question 21

job resources

Answer 21

physical, psychological, social, or organizational job aspects that help workers achieve goals and grow

Question 22

most important antecedents of work engagement (7)

Answer 22

• Control over job tasks/influence
• autonomy/freedom ⇒ an - aspect of control
• Support from colleagues
• Good relationship with/support from supervisors
• Clear feedback
• Task variety ⇒ positively related to work engagement
• Task significance ⇒ positively related to work engagement

Question 23

what is burnout associated with? (3)

Answer 23

• More physical and mental health problems
• Poorer job performance, absenteeism
• Higher intention to leave job

Question 24

work engagement associations (4)

Answer 24

• More active positive emotions
• Better health, more energy for job
• Better performance
• More prosocial work behaviors

Question 25

what type of jobs are associated with higher risk of anxiety and depression?

Answer 25

high demand/low control - 3 times more likely than workers with low demand/high control jobs to have anxiety or depression

Question 26

what type of jobs are almost 5 times more likely than workers with low demand/high reward jobs to have anxiety or depression?

Answer 26

high demand/low reward

Question 27

job crafting

Answer 27

workers redesigning their own jobs to foster engagement and job satisfaction

Question 28

task crafting

Answer 28

changing up responsibilities ⇒ taking on new more interesting tasks

Question 29

relationship crafting

Answer 29

changing up interactions ⇒ seeking out more support from co-workers

Question 30

cognitive crafting

Answer 30

changing up ones mindset ⇒ finding or creating more meaning in our work

Question 31

what does job crafting do? (4)

Answer 31

- Increasing structural job resources ⇒ engaging in tasks that involve developing new skills (task variety) - Increasing social job resources ⇒ asking for supervisor feedback - Increasing (challenging) job demands ⇒ increasing task variety or significance - Decreasing (hindrance) job demands ⇒ making job less emotionally intense

Question 32

Which statement about the job demand resources model is most accurate? - High job demands are most related to work engagement - High job resources are most related to burnout - High job demands are most related to burnout - High job resources are unrelated to burnout

Answer 32

High job demands are most related to burnout

Question 33

what proportion of US people live in poverty?

Answer 33

2% of people in the US (40 mil) lived in poverty in 2021 ⇒ $14,000 per year for 1 person - half of those in poverty live in deep poverty and earn less than half of the poverty threshold

Question 34

which zip codes in Minnesota have the highest and lowest poverty rates?

Answer 34

Red lake has the highest and Elko new market has the lowest

Question 35

who are at most risk for poverty? (6)

Answer 35

- People of color - Children - Women ⇒ female heads of households - Elderly people ⇒ over 80 especially - Migrant workers - Undocumented immigrants

Question 36

which group has the highest poverty rate?

Answer 36

children do at 17% - Children of color - Children under 5 - Children of single mothers - Children in the South

Question 37

what are poverty rates like among older adults?

Answer 37

Older adults live on limited incomes usually - Women are more likely to live in poverty ⇒ WOC - Black and hispanic adults have higher poverty rates (17% and 19% for men vs women in each group)

Question 38

what stressors are associated with poverty? 4)

Answer 38

1. inadequate housing 2. unhealthy neighborhoods 3. food swamps and food deserts 4. broader systemic factors

Question 39

what are impoverished homes like?

Answer 39

- More chaotic and greater structural problems - Noisier - More crowded - More toxins and allergens

Question 40

what are unhealthy neighborhoods like? (5)

Answer 40

- Less social capital, poorer schools - More toxins and pollutants (unclean air) - More crime and street traffic - Fewer places to engage in physical activity - Less access to healthy foods

Question 41

food swamp

Answer 41

food available but it is junk food

Question 42

food desert

Answer 42

when there is not a lot of food available in your neighborhood

Question 43

what are broader systemic factors (4)

Answer 43

- Lack of affordable health insurance, inadequate access to care - High transportation costs - Poorer working conditions - Dealing with bureaucracies

Question 44

what are adverse effects of child poverty? (7)

Answer 44

- Higher infant mortality - Poorer self regulation in school - Lower executive functioning ⇒ planning and cognitive functioning - Lower future education and earnings - Mental health problems - Chronic health problems ⇒ diabetes, heart disease - Higher mortality rates

Question 45

how does poverty affect cognitive performance?

Answer 45

poverty impedes cognitive performance when financial concerns are more salient - If you are poor and you are worrying about more things because of financials, then that is why you did worse on the cognitive test - Poor are not less capable because of inherent traits but because poverty imposes load and impedes cognitive capacity - Effects are as big as losing a night's sleep - Equivalent to 13 IG points

Question 46

end card

Answer 46

hehe