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Stress and Trauma > Exam 2: Week 6 > Flashcards

Exam 2: Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

what 4 ways have resilience been studied?

A
  1. Measures of perceived ability to bounce back from stressors
  2. Competence despite adversity ⇒ child development literature
  3. Minimal symptoms following a trauma ⇒ adult trauma literature
  4. Multidimensional assessment of resilience ⇒ adult trauma literature
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2
Q

what are students perceived ability to bounce back from stressors?

A

most students rate themselves as resilient
- ratings on average are above neutral for resilience

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3
Q

what positive things do people who believe they are resilient also report? (3)

A
  • Optimism
  • Social support
  • Active coping ⇒ problem solving
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4
Q

what negative things do people who believe they are resilient also report? (3)

A
  • Anxiety
  • Depression
  • Perceived stress
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5
Q

Emergent resilience

A

good adaptation despite risk factors ⇒ higher scores have lower competence
- over time children with this are well and competent despite poverty, maltreatment, and ACEs

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6
Q

what did the 20 year study of resilience in Minneapolis kids (included ACEs, trauma, independent events outside of control) find about adversity scores?

A

most people in high adversity groups have adequate competence rather than low competence

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7
Q

what are resilience social competencies? Y vs O

A
  • peer relationships when younger
  • peer, parenting, and romantic relationships when older
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8
Q

what are resilience mastery traits? Y vs O

A
  • academic achievement when young
  • work achievements when older
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9
Q

what are conduct traits related to resiliency/lack of? Y vs O

A
  • rule breaking when younger
  • legal trouble when older
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10
Q

what 4 types of people did the longitudinal resilience study in MN find?

A
  1. resilient
  2. maladaptive
  3. competent
  4. high vulnerability
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11
Q

resilient individuals based on MN study

A

higher adversity and adequate competence

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12
Q

maladaptive individuals based on MN study

A

high adversity and low competence

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13
Q

what traits do resilient kids have? (3)

A
  • Higher IQs
  • Lower stress reactivity (neuroticism)
  • Better parenting
    → resilient kids were similar to competent kids with resources
    → the maladaptive group had fewer of these resources => lower parenting quality
    → competent and resilient kids had similarly good parents, better than maladaptive kids
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14
Q

examples of parenting quality? (3)

A

high structure, rules, expectations

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15
Q

what other resources/traits did resilient kids have? (6)

A
  • Socioeconomic resources
  • Openness to experience
  • Drive for mastery
  • Feelings of self worth
  • Conscientiousness
  • Adult support outside the - family
    -> the last two are particularly important
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16
Q

what adaptive systems are involved in resiliency? (4)

A
  1. attachment system
  2. Mastery motivation system
  3. Cognitive systems associated with problem solving and executive functions
  4. Religious spiritual systems
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17
Q

what overall neurobiological factors involve resilience? (6)

A
  • Environmental influences
  • Cognition
  • Brain function
  • Brain structure
  • neuroendocrine/inflammatory
  • Polygenetic
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18
Q

what is the resilience of most college students with high aces compared to no aces or 1-2 aces?

A

resilience goes from about 86% in the no ace group to 75% in the 1-2 ace group to 63% in the 3+ ace group
- most college students with high aces are doing okay (25th-75th) or thriving (above 75%) in terms of mental health

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19
Q

what is the average days of poor mental health for average students vs struggling students in the last month?

A

4 days of poor mental health for average and 17 days for struggling

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20
Q

which is an example of research showing emergent resilience?
- A study that found low rates of depression following spousal loss
- A study that found low rates of PTSD in kids with higher number of ACEs
- A study that found that women who had lost their spouses were resilient across many life domains
- A study that found many kids were competent despite adversity

A

A study that found many kids were competent despite adversity

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21
Q

T/F resilience is expected in individuals with ordinary adaptive systems?

A

True

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22
Q

Adult resilience

A

Minimal symptoms following a trauma (a single traumatic event)
- Focuses on individual trajectories over time
- Looks at one end point and comparing to averages

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23
Q

what are the 4 typical trajectories of adjustment following possibly traumatic events?

A
  1. resilience (65%)
  2. recovery (23%)
  3. delayed (10%)
  4. chronic (12%)
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24
Q

what are the trajectory trends with resilience, recovery, delayed, and chronic responses to potential traumas?

A
  1. Resilience: were doing okay before and after as well
  2. Recovery: lots of symptoms right after that get over time
  3. Delayed: symptoms right after the event that go up over time
  4. Chronic: lots of prior events and this continued with high dysfunction
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25
what amount of people have chronic depression following a potential trauma?
15%
26
how long does it take for typical chronic grief to do down?
4 years and happens to about 9% of people
27
what percent of people are depressed prior to a trauma and improve afterward?
10% - by 4 years almost everyone is doing okay except for chronic depression prior to loss
28
what percentage of people follow a resilience trajectory in PTSD symptoms?
75%
29
what things predict resilient trajectories? (4)
1. environmental factors 2. psychological factors 3. demographic factors 4. social factors
30
environmental factors in resilience trajectories?
- Fewer stressors or trauma before, during, or after development - Higher ranking personnel
31
psychological factors in resilience trajectories? (2)
- More internal locus of control ,more problem focused coping - Less depression, neuroticism, alcohol use, health problems pre-deployment
32
demographic factors in resilience trajectories?
Older, men, more highly educated, white
33
social factors in resilience trajectories?
More social support, lower homecoming social exclusion
34
resilience portfolio model
what matters most is the total constellation of strengths and protective factors in one's portfolio rather than the presence of any particular strength
35
what are assets of people in resilience portfolio models? (3)
- Ability to regulate emotions and behaviors => Emotion regulation, executive functioning, cognitive ability - Ability to build stronger interpersonal relationships => Gratitude, compassion, generosity, and forgiveness - Ability to find meaning in difficult events => Connected to spiritual beliefs for some people
36
what are resources outside of people in resilience? (2)
- Supportive relationships - Socioeconomic status
37
coping that helps with resilience? (2)
- appraisal events as more controllable - Problem solving
38
psychological health with resilience? (3)
- Satisfaction with life - Competencies - Positive emotions
39
what are resilience rates following spousal loss?
19-66%
40
what 5 factors affect resilience after spousal loss? which are rare?
- life satisfaction - negative mood (rare) - positive affect (rare) - general health - physical functioning
41
what percentage of college students in MN are resilient in 1 domain even though they have high ACEs? all 3 domains?
95%; 34% - 41% are resilient in 2 domains and this was the highest group; 5% are not resilient at all
42
what percentage of college students in MN are resilient in no domains when they have no ACEs? all 3 domains?
1% were not resilient; 56%
43
average percent of resilience? Military percent?
65%;75% - fewer adults are resilient across multiple domains following trauma exposure
44
Posttraumatic growth
positive psychological change experienced as a result of the struggle with highly challenging life circumstances - Veridical transformative life changes and not a coping mechanism
45
Seismic event
shatters fundamental schemas and subsequent rebuilding
46
T/F PTG and resilience involve an improvement from baseline?
False, resilience does not involve an improvement from baseline but PTG does
47
what are positive changes people report from PTG? (4)
- Changes in one's sense of self ⇒ increased strength and maturity - Changes in relationships ⇒ closeness with others - Changes in spirituality or life philosophy ⇒ changed priorities and life appreciation - Greater empathy for others
48
what percentage of people will rate benefiting from bereavement/loss? Most common resolution?
74% - most common was a newfound ability to help others
49
why percentage of sexually assaulted women reported positive changes 3 days afterward? Most common resolution?
57% - Most common was to be more cautious and alert and appreciate life more
50
what domains are studied in the PTGI measure? (5)
- Relating to others - Spiritual or religious changes - Appreciation of life - Personal strength - New possibilities
51
what percentage of people report moderate to high PTG based on PTGI scores?
53% of people (10-77%) - defined as a score of 60% on PTGI (53 on average) where 60% of total possible score of 105 is a score of 63
52
what domain is largely missing from the PTGI?
increased compassion/helping
53
what are the correlations for daily helping and volunteering after a lifetime trauma exposure?
0.23 helping; 0.16 volunteering - This is just as correlated with having empathy, agreeableness, and extroversion
54
T/F students who had a recent trauma engaged in more helping behaviors?
True but very small => 15 to 17 change
55
T/F adults with childhood trauma have higher empathy?
True
56
what are differences between adults with childhood trauma and those without it? (4)
- Affective empathy: feeling empathy - Perspective taking ⇒ take the perspective of others - Fantasy ⇒ empathising TV/book characters - Empathetic concerns ⇒ affective empathy and care for others
57
Cognitive empathy
knowing how others feel vs feeling - people with childhood trauma seem to be more empathic than those who don't have trauma
58
what were the relations between PTGI and actual growth when studies were redone to look at people before and after if they had a potential traumatic event?
correlations between PTGI and actual growth were small - More meaning and gratitude was small, Religious commitment was larger (0.29), Relationships had a negative effect - The current PTGI sameness was 0.22 of a correlation (still small)
59
what happens when people (students in the study) report more perceived growth?
they also report increase in distress from pre to post trauma - Those who had actual growth without perceived positive appraisal from T1 to T2 decreased in distress from pre- to post trauma
60
T/F negative events produce more positive life changes than positive events?
False - negative events did not produce more positive life changes than positive events - Individuals who experienced negative events did not have more positive change than comparison groups - When people asked if they grew after a negative event, they may misattribute change to the event because they don’t know how much they would have changed anyway over time
61
what do sexual assault survivors report on PTG soon after their event?
almost 5 positive life changes within 2 weeks
62
what are the differences with PTG less and more than 6 months after an event?
- Less than 6 months post event ⇒ 56% PTG - More than 6 months post event ⇒ 51% PTG
63
what does recent research estimate the actual rate of genuine growth to be post trauma?
about 10% not over 50% ⇒ based in part on trajectory studies that rarely find a growth trajectory - Resilience (little change) is the most common
64
why do people report they grow when they haven't based on the PTG? (4)
- Evaluate their current relationships, life satisfaction, etc. - Recall what they used to be like on those dimensions - Assess how much they have changed - Determine how much of that change is due to a specific event → this is a very difficult task for people to do ⇒ measures before and after are gold standards → people are not good at assessing change
65
T/F correlation between actual change and perceived change is small in other research areas?
True - Personality ⇒ r = 0.22 - Relationship quality ⇒ r = 0.2 - Symptoms following therapy ⇒ r = 0.3
66
stress related growth scale revised (SRGS-R)
allow negative and no change which is less prone to reports of illusory growth - Participants reported less growth on SRGS-R than on PTGI (17% compared to 71%)
67
T/F personal expectations and cultural norms also promote PTG?
True - People have a strong preference for redemptive narratives and the people who tell them - Common literature, movies, etc.
68
what is the most common response to questions about finding benefits from a loss?
that there is no benefit (22%)
69
what is perceived growth strongly related to? (2)
increased distress but also reappraisal coping
70
T/F US adults bounced back during COVID?
True - the proportion of the population with anxiety increased during the pandemic and then decreased again after - Pre-pandemic had about 8% of the population had bad anxiety - Increased to 21% during the pandemic - Decreased to 11% after the pandemic
71
what percentage of adults report moderate PTG around COVID peak?
53%
72
what % of college students reported benefits from the pandemic?
70% - higher rates of resilience during than before and slightly lower rates of flourishing - Loneliness and depression are a little bit higher but flourishing is still the most common despite dropping a little
73
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