Exam 1: Week 5 content Flashcards
1
Q
Quid pro quo
A
work/academic decisions based on sexual behaviors ⇒ exchange of “favors”
2
Q
Hostile work environment
A
when conduct is severe, persistent, or pervasive
3
Q
conditions for legal sexual harassment according to the 1964 civil rights act (3)
A
- Unreasonably interferes with performance
- Creates an intimidating, hostile or offensive environment
- Effectively denies an individual equal access to a university program or activity
4
Q
what types of categories are on a sexual experiences questionnaire? (3)
A
- gender harassment
- unwanted sexual attention
- sexual coercion (quid pro quo)
5
Q
gender harassment (types)
A
most common and is offensive verbal and nonverbal sexual behaviors
6
Q
unwanted sexual attention
A
direct victim focused behaviors (touching, ogling)
7
Q
Sexual coercion (quid pro quo)
A
implicit or explicit efforts to gain sexual cooperation in exchange for job related outcomes
8
Q
T/F sexual experiences don’t necessarily meet legal definition all the time because they need to be severe
A
True
- prevalence of work related sexual harassment of women depends on how it is measured
9
Q
what do meta analysis of sexual harassment find? (2) direct vs indirect
A
- Direct query ⇒ asking people if they have been sexually harassed has about 35%
- quid pro quo behavioral measurements find 18%
10
Q
T/F women perceive more behaviors as sexual harassment than men do, especially more ambiguous behavior
A
True
11
Q
what did the AAU climate survey find about sexual assault and misconduct? (% student experience)
A
42% of students experienced 1+ behavior of sexual harassment but only 19% would classify under the legal definition
12
Q
what were some questions asked on the AAU sexual assault survey? (5)
A
- Made sexual remarks or told jokes/stories that were insulting or offensive
- Made inappropriate or offensive comments about you or someone else’s body, appearance or sexual activities
- Said crude or gross sexual things to you or tried to get you to talk about sexual matters when you didn’t want to
- Used social or online media to send offensive sexual remarks, jokes, stories, pictures of videos to you or about you that you didn’t want
- Continued to ask you to go out, get dinner, have drinks or have sex even though you said no?
13
Q
2 top common behaviors of sexual harassment according to AAU
A
- Inappropriate comments about someone else’s body, appearance, sexual behavior (34%)
- Offensive sexual jokes, remarks, stories (27%)
14
Q
who are the most common perps on college campuses?
A
- 89% other students
- 10% faculty or instructor
15
Q
what are common contexts of sexual harassment for students? (5)
A
- Sexual jokes/stories
- Whistled, called, hooted ⇒ most common
- Unwanted attempts to establish relationship and persistent asking out
- Stared, leered, ogled
- Different treatment because of gender
16
Q
what are top locations for students to get sexually harassed? (5)
A
- Housing
- Outside ⇒ most common
- Online
- Public establishment
- Academic building/on campus
17
Q
Sexual assault
A
sexual act someone was forced to do against their will and without their consent
18
Q
types of public sexual harassment? (3)
A
- Verbal sexual harassment
- Cyber sexual harassment
- Physically aggressive sexual harassment
19
Q
what are prevalence rates for public sexual harassment?
A
81% of women and 43% of men reported experiencing some form of public sexual harassment and or assault in their lifetime
- Verbal was most common for women and men ⇒ less common for men
20
Q
what are example verbal behaviors of sexual harassment in public? (2)
A
- Sexual appearance comments
- persistent conversation
21
Q
what are example behaviors of cissexist harassment in public?
A
- Misgendering
- hostile staring
22
Q
what are example behaviors of gender racial harassment in public?
A
Being called names like china doll, chocolate, mamacita
23
Q
what are example behaviors of cisheterosexist harassment in public?
A
Homophobic names/remarks
24
Q
what are the biggest differences for public harassment between men and women? (3)
A
- Making noises that felt sexual or inappropriate
- Being told to smile
- Calling sexist name or making a sexist remark
25
what is the prevalence for sexual harassment in public?
common for 76-100% of people
- Prevalence depends on methods and measures
26
what are the most frequent harassment types with poorer mental health?
- gender harassment 34%
- unwanted sexual attention 39%
- sexual coercion 36%
these are similar to job stress at 34%
27
T/F gender harassment, unwanted sexual attention, and sexual coercion correlate with supervisor satisfaction?
True
- Harmful workplace experiences were consistently more strongly related to satisfaction with interpersonal relationships at work (Co-workers and supervisors) than satisfaction with the tasks themselves
28
what is true about intensity and frequency of harassment when it comes to mental health?
the less intense/more frequent experiences had larger negative associations with work attitudes than sexual coercion or unwanted sexual attention
29
T/F Sexual harassment can predict occupational well-being, controlling for job stress
True
30
when women vs men are objectified during interviews who suffered the most?
women who were objectified showed the worst task performance
- men actually performed higher in the objectifying situation => did not affect their behavior
31
what happens to creativity ratings when individuals are flirted with?
Womens ratings of own creativity went down with flirting conditions
- 2nd study did not find the same pattern for men with women confederates
32
who aside from victims are also harmed?
employees who observe a co-workers being harassed also reported lower well being
33
why are other harmed when they see sexual harassment? (3)
- Empathy for the victim
- Concern about lack of fairness
- Fear of being next target
34
what are the estimated costs of sexual harassment for federal workers? (4) (leave, turnover, productivity)
- Sick leave ⇒ 15 million (31 mil 2023)
- Employee turnover ⇒ 25 million (52 mil 2023)
- Lower individual productivity ⇒ 94 mil (195 mil 2023)
- Lower work group productivity ⇒ 194 mil (402 mil 2023)
35
how does sexual harassment affect academics?
sexual harassing behaviors ⇒ distress, dissatisfaction with university ⇒ academic disengagement ⇒ lower GPA
36
what other mental health affects happen when people experience more public harassment than others? (2)
- Reported more general distress, even controlling for neuroticism
- Reported more fear of rape and greater perceived risk of rape
37
what happens to runners who are more publicly harassed?
- Telling others where they are running
- Running more with others
- Running less frequently
- Stopping running entirely to avoid harassment
38
what are the most common responses to sexual harassment at work? (3)
- Ignore it ⇒ 44-70%
- Avoid harasser ⇒ 33-75%
- Deny or downplay it ⇒ 54-73%
- uncommon to report (6-13%) but >90% say they would
39
why don't people report sexual harassment at work? (6)
- Informal channels are adequate (friends/family), not serious enough
- Fear of negative consequences
- Didn't think it would do any good
- Don't think they would be believes
- Think they would be blamed
- Didn't want to hurt the harasser
40
what are factors that increase the risk of sexual harassment in organizations? (5)
- Lack of diversity ⇒ outliers are at risk (not enough women)
- Lots of young workers ⇒ don’t know norms or feel power
- Workplaces with high value employees (CEOs, etc.)
- Workplaces with significant power disparities ⇒ lower powers cant speak up
- Workplaces that rely on customer satisfaction ⇒ putting up with customers to get sales
41
how many MN students report at least one sexually harassing behavior from peers or faculty?
- 34-46% peers
- 7-8% faculty
42
what are risk factors for peer sexual harassment? (5)
on average there are about 2 sexually harassing behaviors
- Younger age (<25) ⇒ 2 behaviors
- More drinking
- Cisgender women or TGQ
- 4 year school
- Bullied previously ⇒ 4 behaviors
43
what are the statistics for sexual assault?
about 17% of women and 3-4% for men
44
Sexual assault
unwanted sexual contact
45
Rape (completed/attempted)
penetrative sex obtained through force, threat of force, or incapacitation
46
what are the 4 types of sexual violence studied by the CDC?
1. Completed or attempted rape
2. Being made to penetrate someone else
3. Sexual coercion: unwanted penetration due to nonphysical pressure ⇒ verbal pressure
4. Unwanted sexual contact (groped, grabbed)
47
what is the lifetime sexual violence prevalence for women and men according to the CDC?
1. among women is 44%
- Penetrated is about 1/5
- Unwanted sexual contact is about 2/5
2. among men is 25%
- penetrative is 3/100
- Unwanted sexual contact is about 1/5
48
what are rates of complete sexual assault for undergrads? (M/F)
higher for women and TGQN for completed penetration, sexual touching using physical force, or inability to consent (1/7-1/3) => 15-33%
- for men it Is about 4-9%
49
which tends to be higher: penetration or sexual touching?
sexual touching percents tend to be higher
- highest for women, then TGQN, and men are lowest by far
50
which populations have the highest rates of rape? (3)
military (36%), community (18%), college (16%)
51
what happens to rape rates if incapacitation occurs?
with only force rates are about 14% but with incapacitation and force they are 18%
52
what pre-event risk factors make sexual assault worse than other traumas?
Prior trauma or revictimization
53
what event risk factors make sexual assault worse than other traumas? (3)
- Directly experienced
- Intentional harm
- Objective severity or fear during event
54
what post-event risk factors make sexual assault worse than other traumas? (2)
- Rape myths blame victims
- Shame leads to lack of disclosure and lack of support
55
what types of psychological issues to rape victims have more often?
Suicidality, OCD, and trauma are found with highest support
- higher amounts of PTSD and major depressive episodes than non victims
56
what sexual assault types are associated with more stress? (4)
- Completed vs attempted
- Assault by strangers
- Assault with weapons
- Assault with physical injuries
57
what are the economic costs of sexual assault?
substantial economic costs just like sexual harassment
- Leads to $122,461 per victim
- Lost work productivity, medical, criminal justice activities, other, etc.
58
how do rates of prior sexual victimization lead to women dropping out of college?
- 0 forms of sexual victimization ⇒ 15%
- 1 forms of sexual victimization ⇒ 22%
- 2 forms of sexual victimization ⇒ 44%
59
are sexual assault survivors less satisfied with their current relationships?
survivors were not less satisfied with their current relationships than those who had not experienced SA
- small relationship between victimization and lower relationship satisfaction but most common responses were assault had not affected or no longer is affecting the romantic relationship
60
things people think women do when they are raped (4)
- The victim physically resisted
- The victim immediately reported it to the police
- The victim was injured
- The victim was very distraught and couldn’t get back to normal
61
T/F most rape victims scream or attempt escape?
False
- most victims do not scream or try to escape
- most victims do not physically resist => sometimes physical resistance may result in more harm
62
reasons for not resisting (5)
- Too scared
- Thought it would hurt more
- Was in shock
- Didn't want to make a big deal out of nothing (know p)
- Didn't think it would help
63
factors related to less physical resistance (6)
- Weapon
- Victim used alcohol
- Prior victimization
- Greater rape myth acceptance
- Intimate partner
- Dating situation
64
what type of resistance is most common?
verbal resistance => saying no, pleading, crying
65
what proportions of victims report to the police?
6% told police first
- 16-30% of victims disclosed immediately ⇒ not necessarily to the police
- Most (75%) disclosed to a friend/family member first
66
reasons for not reporting (8)
- Didn't want anyone to know
- Did Not want police involved
- Was shamed and embarrassed
- Was afraid of reprisal
- Didn't think it was serious enough
- Didn't want to hurt the assailant
- Didn't want to be blamed
- There wasn’t enough proof
67
what proportion of victims seek medical attention?
2-26%
- few victims do
- most injuries are mild
- very few injuries are moderate to severe and require medical attention
68
what are the 2 styles of behavior following rape?
1. Emotive style ⇒ crying, etc.
2. Controlled style ⇒ numb or lacking emotion
69
by 3-4 months what percent of victims are in a recovery group?
80% ⇒ won’t meet PTSD criteria
70
rape myths definition
attitudes and belief that deny and justify male sexual aggression against women
71
types of rape myths (4)
1. Blame the victim for the rape
2. Express disbelief in claims of rape
3. Exonerate the perpetrator
4. Only certain kinds of women are raped
most people disagree with rape myths on explicit measures
72
what happens to victims in court when they are described as resisting vs those who do not
victims described as not resisting are blamed more ⇒ especially by men
- victim behaviors affect jurors’ perceptions of credibility
73
what can help educate jurors?
Jurors who received an education on victim behavior in the form of expert testimony or judicial instructions were less likely to be negatively impacted by the victims calm demeanor or delay in reporting
74
how do rape myths affect police and prosecutor decisions? (4) resistance, timely report, injuries, no discrepancy
- Resistance ⇒ arrest
- Timely report ⇒ charges filed
- Injuries ⇒ founded, arrest, and charges filed
- No discrepant statements (changes in stories; common) ⇒ founded, arrested, charges filed
75
what percent of rape reports are false?
2-8%
76
end card
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