Exam 2: Week 7 & 9 Flashcards
1
Q
criterion A traumas
A
life threatening events
2
Q
non criterion A event? (2 examples)
A
betrayal or breakups
3
Q
daily hassles? (3 examples)
A
- Traffic
- Too many things to do
- Not enough money for daily necessities
4
Q
what do community adults say stressors make them feel?
A
sad, anxious, and irritable
5
Q
do UMN students with more daily stressors have better or worse mood/mental health symptoms?
A
more negative mood and symptoms
6
Q
what are daily stressors related to? compared to?
A
negative mood and symptoms
- compared to number of lifetime potentially traumatic events
7
Q
T/F daily events are more related to mental health symptoms than are major events even when they don’t differ in recency?
A
True (0.61 compared to 0.26 effect)
- major events led to an increase in daily stress which led to increased psychological symptoms
8
Q
how do major events lead to symptoms?
A
major event/traumas occur which leads to more daily hassles which leads to distress
9
Q
which events are more associated with distress?
A
interpersonal conflicts => Both nonfamily and spouses
- distress can cause events to seem more stressful
10
Q
what effect does depression have on daily events for students?
A
students who scored higher on a measure of depression rated daily events as more distressing and experienced greater negative affect as a result of those events
- daily stressors can make you depressed but being depressed can also make you see more things as hassles
11
Q
dependent events in depressed individuals
A
events due at least in part to one’s own characteristics and behaviors
12
Q
independent events in depressed individuals
A
fateful things such as natural disasters
13
Q
Stress generation theory
A
people are not just passive recipients of stressful events; they play an active role in creating them
14
Q
how are dependent and independent stressors predicted by negative cognitive content?
A
Dependent r = 0.24, independent r = 0.08
15
Q
negative cognitive content
A
stabile tendency toward negative interpretations of self and future such as hopelessness
16
Q
how are dependent and independent stressors predicted by repetitive negative thinking (rumination)?
A
Dependent r = 0.26, independent r = 0.12
17
Q
how are dependent and independent stressors predicted by disinhibition and antagonism (impulsiveness, aggression)?
A
Dependent r = 0.18, independent r = 0.07
18
Q
what percentage of UMN students get adequate sleep?
A
46% of students get adequate 3 or less days a week
- 17% only get 0-1
- 30% got it 2-3 days a week
- 37% get it 4-5 days a week
- 17% 6-7 days a week
19
Q
T/F college students have a higher rate of insomnia than other groups but prevalence depends on measure (rates?)
A
True
- college was 18.5% and general population rate is 7.4%
20
Q
what percent of students have poor sleep quality in the past month and what percent get <7 hours of sleep/night?
A
27%; 36%
21
Q
what percent of students take >30 minutes to fall asleep 1 time+/week and what % meet the cutoff for poor sleep?
A
43%; 62%
22
Q
how does stress affect students physiologically?
A
affects their sleep, makes them tired, and gives them headaches
23
Q
T/F college students have less stress and better sleep?
A
False => greater stress/poorer sleep
- stress and poorer sleep quality r = 0.39 ⇒ medium to large
- stress and insomnia r = 0.41 ⇒ medium to large
24
Q
what amount of stressors and sleep do college students average a day?
A
3 stressors/day and 7 hours/night of sleep
25
what do people with more stressors also report relating to sleep? (2)
- lower sleep duration, quality, efficiency and restfulness
- delayed sleep onset ⇒ >30 minutes to fall asleep
26
how is stressor severity associated with sleep efficiency?
it associates with lower sleep efficiency
27
T/F college graudates earn more money?
True
- bachelor's degrees make 73K on average while high school degrees make 41K on average
28
what factors affect academic performance?
More students said that stress negatively affected their academic performance than all other factors except procrastination
- procrastination, stress, anxiety, sleep, faculty
29
how does stress affect GPA?
Students who say stress negatively affects their performance do have lowest cumulative GPAs
- those who don't have stress have lower GPAs than stress not affecting performance compared to stress affecting performance having the lowest GPAs
30
what personality trait has a higher correlation with lower GPA?
procrastination
31
T/F current perceived stress was positively related to cumulative GPA across 8 studied
False; it is negative (small correlation)
32
what is more perceived stress at the beginning of the semester associated with?
poorer course performance
- stress is as strongly related to course performance as high school rank
33
in what psychological ways does stress affect academic performance? (3)
- Trouble concentrating
- Procrastinating
- Feeling unmotivated
34
school retention
staying at the same school within 6 years
- ⅓ of bachelors degree students reported they have considered stopping in the past 6 months
- Of those who have considered, 76% say emotional stress was a reason
35
what percent of students consider stopping due to emotional stress?
24%
36
what personal trait predicts retention?
perceived stress
- traditional factors often used for college admissions are less important than non traditional psychological factors in predicting who will complete college => Stress related to poor academic performance and retention
37
U theory of stress
there is an optimal level of stress for highest amount of performance between too little and too much
- Performance increases with physiological or mental arousal, but only up to a certain point
- When arousal levels become too high, performance decreases
38
what was the original Yerkes-Dodson law based on?
used training mice to choose the white box vs the black box and would get shocked when choosing the black box
- they changed the strength of the stimulus
- mice learned more quickly at moderate than at lower or higher levels of shock
39
what the issue with the U theory of stress?
almost any pattern of data can be interpreted within this framework
- this is difficult to refute this theory ⇒ its not clear this should be implied to human work environments
- Little to no evidence supporting this
40
Positive vs negative linear relation
more stress leads to better performance;more stress leads to poorer performance
41
what do studies find when looking at positive, negative, U theory, inverted U, and no relation with job performance?
46% of studies support the negative theory and only 4% support the inverted U theory
42
what 3 characteristics biased results toward stress being bad?
- Measures don't capture stress levels below the optimal level
- Term stress has a negative connotation
- Samples are selected because of high stress levels usually
43
what field finds more evidence for the U shaped theory?
neurobiological research such as corticosterone and stress hormone levels
- extreme stress is bad for the brain and optimal amounts of stress enrich and sustain us
44
how does U stress theory relate to GPA?
students who say stress negatively affects their performance have lowest GPAs but those who have no stress also have lower GPAs ⇒ kind of suggests a curvilinear relationship
- At lower levels of stress, stress was positively related to GPA ⇒ more stress can lead to better grades
- At higher levels of stress, stress negatively is related to GPA ⇒ more stress is bad
45
how are stress responses adaptive vs maladaptive?
stress response is adaptive for short term crises but maladaptive if chronically activated
- Stress related disease emerges because we often activate a physiological system that has evolved for responding to acute physical emergencies and turn it on for months on end
46
what are the stages of the biological stress response? (sapolsky)
1. mobilize energy => we need energy to go to whatever muscles that can save us where adrenaline goes to energy storage sites and dumps glucose into circulation
2. increase cardiovascular tissue => increased cardiovascular tone where heart speeds up to deliver glucose to muscle more quickly
3. crisis
47
what long term projects are delayed in crisis (5)
1. Suppression of digestions
2. Suppression of growth
3. Suppression of reproduction
4. enhancement of the immune system is needed to perk up the immune system to fight infection
5. Sharpening cognition, alertness, and pleasure
48
criticisms of selyes work (2)
- Contribution to confusion in field regarding whether stress is the stimulus or the response
- Selye’s work was funded by the tobacco industry => testified against anti-smoking legislation and Tobacco companies used his research to argue that stress not smoking causes health problems and that smoking is effective for reducing stress
49
2 aspects of stress response
- biological
- psychological
50
3 traditions of studying stess
1. The epidemiologic tradition
2. The psychological tradition
3. Biological tradition
51
The epidemiologic tradition
assesses life events in term of their objective levels of stress as judged by other people
- Gives points to an event for everyone
- Environmental demands
52
The psychological tradition
assesses individual’s perceptions regarding whether something (such as their work) or life in general is stressful
- Appraising event as threatening/harmful and coping resources as inadequate
- Perception and demands appraisal ⇒ can be a negative emotional feedback loop
53
Biological tradition
assesses impact of stress on physiological systems such as autonomic and neuroendocrine responses
- Adaptive in short term but maladaptive if chronically activated
- Poor health decisions, activation of SAM and HPA, disease related changes, increase risk of disease or onset of disease
54
how are flu vaccinations connected to stress?
flu vaccines are less likely to be effective for those who are stressed ⇒ antibody increases are less than non stressed individuals
- not everyone has the needed increase in specific antibody titers
55
what factors can impair the immune system's response to vaccines?
stress, depression, loneliness, and poor health behaviors
- can be increased in vulnerable groups
56
how does stress affect contracting a cold?
when you are more stressed out are more likely to get a cold ⇒ more cold symptoms and antibodies with increased psychological stress
57
when you lesion someones mouth do they heal faster or slower with stress? (%?)
wounds took 40% longer to heal prior to the exam (stress cond) than during summer vacation (no stress)
- 11 days vs 8 days to heal
58
is stress linked to cancer?
is not clear ⇒ studies have had varying results
- People under chronic stress may develop certain unhealthy behaviors, such as smoking, overeating, becoming less active, or drinking alcohol, that are themselves associated with increased risks of some cancers
59
what 5 cancer kinds did observational studies across Europe and North America find?
- lung
- colorectal
- esophageal
- bladder
- stomach
60
how does stress affect cardiovascular disease?
one of the best established link between stress and cardiovascular disease
- risk of death due to CVD twice as high in individuals with high job strain ⇒ high demand and low control
- traumatic events increase CVD risk
61
what were the results for parents who lost their kid to a heart attack in Denmark?
parents who lost a child had higher risk of fatal heart attack
62
risk factors for cardiovascular disease? (8)
- Smoker in past year
- Abdominal obesity ⇒ L, M, H
- Blood lipids ⇒ cholesterol
- Physical activity ⇒ 4+ hours a week
- Alcohol use 3+ times a week
- Eating fruits and vegetables daily
- Diabetes
- High blood pressure
63
what stress related psychological factors affects cardiovascular disease? (5)
- Depression ⇒ 5+ out of 7 symptoms
- Stress at work or at home ⇒ irritable, anxiety, trouble sleeping
- moderate/severe financial stress
- 1+ lif events ⇒ divorce, job loss, death, etc.
- Low locus of control ⇒ lower 3 quartiles
64
Population attributable risk (PAR)
proportion of the disease incidence in the population that is due to the risk factor
- Higher percentage means risk factor is more important
65
what is the PAR for heart attack due to psychological factors worldwide? N America?
33%;51%
66
how does stress affect obesity? What is the actual correlation?
through multiple pathways stress plays a role in development and maintenance of obesity
- stress is positively related to the development of adiposity in prospective studies although the effects were modest and smaller than assumed in the lay literature
- only a correlation of 0.014-0.016 which is practically no relationship
67
have US rates of obesity increased over time? Stress?
obesity has increased but stress has decreased over time
68
what cognitive interactions are involved in stress and obesity? (2)
- executive function
- self regulation
69
what behavioral interactions are involved in stress and obesity? (3)
- eating
- physical activity
- sleep
70
what physiological interactions are involved in stress and obesity? (3)
- HPA axis
- reward circuits
- microbiome
71
what biochemical interactions are involved in stress and obesity? (2)
- leptin and grelin
- neuropeptide Y
72
how does stress lead to disease?
stress related disease emerges because we often activate a physiological system that has evolved for responding to acute physical emergencies and turn it on for months
73
what are 5 categories of stressors?
- Acute time limited stressors ⇒ giving a speech in class
- Brief naturalistic stressors ⇒ exam
- Stressful event sequence ⇒divorce
- Chronic stressor ⇒disability
- Distant stressor ⇒ child abuse
74
Acute stressors
similar to the fight or flight situations faced by humans evolutionary ancestors elicited potentially beneficial changes in the immune system
- Increase in natural killer cells
75
what bodily system is affected more and more by chronic stressors?
the immune system
- Decrease in natural killer cells
76
Allostasis
process of adaptation to acute stress
- Involves the output of stress hormones that act to restore homeostasis (stability) in the face of a challenge
77
Allostatic load
price the body pays for being forced to continually adapt to aversive psychosocial or physical situations
78
what physiological things are measured to find allostatic load? (4)
- Cardiovascular system
- Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis ⇒ part of neuroendocrine system that controls reactions to stress
- Metabolic system
- Sympathetic nervous system ⇒ activates fight or flight response
79
what are the risk for childhood adversity and cardiovascular disease + other symptoms?
individuals who experienced early adversity are as much as 2x as likely to develop cardiovascular disease, autoimmune disorders, and die prematurely
80
what 7 things are included in the biological and psychological model for adversity and disease?
1. economic disadvantage and maltreatment
2. chronic stress
3. epigenetic alterations
4. behaviors that perpetuate inflammation
5. behaviors that accentuate inflammation
6. hormone response increasing inflammation
7. inflammation contributes to aging CD
81
how are economic disadvantages and maltreatment chronic stressors for kids?
they share common features
- responsive parenting, harsh discipline, exposure to violence, limited access to resources
82
how does chronic childhood stress lead to prinflammatory pain?
- Childhood is a sensitive period and childhood stress gets embedded in the operating tendencies of the cells that regulate inflammation
- Adults who were maltreated in childhood show higher levels of various markers of chronic inflammation
83
how does chronic stress alter DNA?
epigenetic alterations to DNA may occur where tissue and posttranslational modification of proteins happen
84
Epigenetics
changes in the activity of a gene without changes to DNA sequence
85
Posttranslational modification of proteins
chemical alterations to protein molecules after they have been synthesized
86
Tissue remodeling
exposure during sensitive periods of development can trigger a local restructuring of tissues
87
how does chronic stress leads to behaviors that accentuate inflammation?
- Early stress also associated with impulsivity, discounting the future, and engaging in unhealthy behaviors
- Occurs because stress molds the corticostriatal pathways that support self regulation => unhealthy lifestyle behaviors
88
what hormonal responses come from chronic stress increasing inflamation? Who shows it? Time frame efffects?
- Adults raised in low SES families show greater daily cortisol output
- Prolonged exposure to cortisol can facilitate inflammatory responding
89
how does inflammation physiologically contribute to aging? (4)
- Development of metabolic syndrome => Obesity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol
- atherosclerosis => underlying heart attacks and some strokes
- tumors
- frail syndrome => softening of bone, loss of muscle mass and strength, decline in cognitive function
90
what are the summary points of the biological and psychological model for disease? (4)
- Childhood stress gets programmed into immune system cells
- These cells develop proinflammatory tendencies
- These tendencies are made worse by behaviors and hormonal dysregulation with also result from childhood stress
- Resulting inflammation contributes to mechanisms that foster chronic disease
91
how do ACEs affect health behavior? what is the relationship?
more depression/anxiety, greater risk of chronic drinking and being a smoker
- There is not much of a relationship between ACEs and obesity or health in general
92
end card
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