Exam 2: Week 10

Question 1

what demographic factors affected poor mental health more during COVID?

Answer 1

gender, sexual orientation, disability status
- race was not significant

Question 2

why are women more likely to have PTSD?

Answer 2

they experience more sexual violent events but even when they experience the same events as men they have more PTSD symptoms ⇒ appraise events as more threatening (review)

Question 3

do women or men report more stress in the US?

Answer 3

women do and are less likely to report low stress levels than men are
- both genders have higher stress than healthy levels

Question 4

what symptoms are women more likely to report? (5)

Answer 4

fatigue, anxious, overwhelmed, lack of energy, depression

Question 5

what group of women are the most likely to report high stress?

Answer 5

married women
- 73% of women with kids under 18 work outside the home (may not necessarily be married)
- 93% of men with kids under 18 also work outside the home

Question 6

what happens to women professors that doesn’t happen to male professors as often?

Answer 6

women professors with kids work a second shift at home, especially during their 30’s (40+ hours vs 20 hours for men)
- Total hours worked per week are much higher for women with children doing caregiving and housework ⇒ about 18 hours difference (part time job)

Question 7

what domestic chores are moms more likely to do on a given work day?

Answer 7

moms with kids under 6 are more likely to report caregiving activities on workdays and spend more time doing them
- food prep, housework, caregiving

Question 8

what types of caregiving do moms vs dads do?

Answer 8

dads do more recreational and weekend activities while moms do infant and solo parenting

Question 9

T/F the overwhelming majority of working mothers of young children engage in the second shift of unpaid household labor on days when they also work for pay, and they do so at rates and time investments far exceeding those of working fathers?

Answer 9

True

Question 10

T/F gender equality is one of the UN’s SDGs?

Answer 10

True
- reducing womens unpair labor is one of the UN’s sustainable development goals regarding gender equality

Question 11

how did covid affect domestic work for moms vs dads?

Answer 11

covid increased caretaking 3.2x more for working moms than dads ⇒ moms did 31 hours compared to 26 hours a week before
- Mothers are 2x as likely to report lots of childcare duties while working compared to fathers

Question 12

unpaid labor

Answer 12

labor performed for no pay including domestic household tasks, cleaning, cooking, home repairs, childcare duties, and other family duties like relative care

Question 13

what stressors do gender minorities face? (4)

Answer 13

distal stressors, proximal stressors, resilience factors, and outcomes

Question 14

proximal stress factors

Answer 14

internal factors like transphobia, negative emotions, and concealment of self

Question 15

distal stress factors

Answer 15

stressors in the environment

Question 16

examples of distal stress factors? (4)

Answer 16

• gender related discrimination
• gender related rejection
• gender related victimization
• non affirmation of gender identity

Question 17

what is associated with distal stressors?

Answer 17

poorer mental health
- particularly non affirmation causes stress over victimization, discrimination, and rejection

Question 18

discrimination

Answer 18

treatment of an individual or group based on their actual or perceived membership in a certain group or social category in a way that is worse than how people are usually treated

Question 19

what particular discriminatory events happen for each racial group?

Answer 19

• for black individuals people acted like they were suspicious
• for hispanic individuals people assumed they weren’t smart
• for Asian people it was being the brunt of discriminatory jokes
• for white people it was others assuming they were racist or prejudiced

Question 20

what racial group is the most likely to say all different types of discriminatory things happen to them?

Answer 20

black individuals
- they also differ widely in views of how black people are treated

Question 21

T/F people overestimate the amount of discrimination other groups experience?

Answer 21

False all groups underestimate discrimination of other groups

Question 22

T/F even young kids (10-11) report being treated unfairly/negatively because of their race/ethnicity? Who?

Answer 22

True
- especially Black and Native American

Question 23

when kids are being discriminated against, who is usually the perpetrator? What does this associate with health wise?

Answer 23

other students; poorer mental health

Question 24

for any kind of discrimination what do individuals report feeling?

Answer 24

higher stress levels

Question 25

what is the prevalence of racial discrimination for groups more than a year ago?

Answer 25

- 11% White - 41% Black - 39% Native American - 26% Asian and Hispanic

Question 26

what diagnoses are people at a higher risk for when they are racially discriminated?

Answer 26

mental health diagnoses - also associated with poorer physical health

Question 27

what was found with Black men, discrimination, and their telomere length? (%?)

Answer 27

93% of Black men reported experiencing discrimination - short telomeres are associated with premature aging and men with the highest level of discrimination and high anti-black bias had the shortest telomeres

Question 28

what acted as a buffering effect for black men and their telomere length?

Answer 28

people who had a positive view of their own race have a buffering effect and telomeres are longer

Question 29

what physiological effect does racial discrimination have on Black individuals in particular?

Answer 29

faster telomere shortening over a 10 year period for men and women - accelerated physiological weathering and health declines among people through its impact on biological systems, including its effect on telomere health

Question 30

was was associated with higher allostatic load for Georgian boys? Buffer?

Answer 30

higher discrimination and low social support - high levels of emotional support acted like a buffer in this case

Question 31

allostasis

Answer 31

process of adaptation to acute stress involves the output of stress hormones that act to restore homeostasis (stability) in the face of a challenge

Question 32

allostatic load

Answer 32

price the body pays for being forced to continually adapt to adverse psychosocial or physical situations

Question 33

what types of discrimination are associated with higher allostatic load? (4)

Answer 33

- Major lifetime discrimination - Childhood racial discrimination - Past year discrimination - Everyday weight discrimination

Question 34

what are biomarkers of discrimination (4)

Answer 34

- Cardiovascular ⇒ BP - Immune system ⇒ white blood cell count - Metabolic system ⇒ BMI - Neuroendocrine ⇒ cortisol

Question 35

Vicarious racism

Answer 35

vicariously experiencing racism (discrimination) experienced by other members of your own groups - may be personally threatening even for people not being directly targeted - Action that devalue a group can negatively affect individuals self concept and mental health

Question 36

linked fate

Answer 36

what happens to someone from one's own racial or ethnic group may affect one personally

Question 37

what group of people are the most likely to experienced linked fate?

Answer 37

black adults => what happens to people from their racial group affects them personally

Question 38

are race based hate crimes increasing or decreasing over time

Answer 38

they are supposedly increasing over time from what we can tell

Question 39

which group reported experiencing the most racial discrimination in everyday life? (%?)

Answer 39

African Americans where 60% of the time it was due to racism - for other groups like African individuals they experience 0.4 events a day but 76% of the time it is due to racism and Latinx individuals experience 0.49 events a day and 69% of the time its due to racism

Question 40

what is interpersonal discrimination associated with?

Answer 40

experiencing more anger, anxiety, loneliness, and depression both within days and between students across days - overall negative affects

Question 41

what was vicarious racism associated with?

Answer 41

more anxiety within days and more anger, anxiety, and depression between students across days - overall negative affects

Question 42

how much more likely are black individuals to be killed by the police compared to white individuals in America?

Answer 42

2.9x more likely

Question 43

How did George Floyd's murder affect the US population? Minnesota? Minneapolis?

Answer 43

The largest ever observed spike despite already high levels due to covid where Black individuals and younger people had greater increases in anger and sadness - anger and sadness was also higher in MN and particularly Minneapolis compared to other states - black people also had higher increases than whites on standard measures of anxiety and depression - increase in depression equates to about 1 million more Black's screening positive for depression as a result of vicarious racism

Question 44

who first coined micro aggressions?

Answer 44

Chester pierce - every black must recognize the offensive mechanisms used by the collective white society, usually by means of cumulative proracist microaggressions which keep him psychologically accepting of the disenfranchised state

Question 45

microaggression

Answer 45

brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioral, and environmental indignities, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative racial slights and insults to the target person or group

Question 46

3 categories of micro aggressions?

Answer 46

1. microinsults 2. microinvalidations 3. microassaults

Question 47

microinsults

Answer 47

rude, intensitive, demeaning behaviors/remarks about a person's race, often done unconsciously

Question 48

examples of micro insults (4)

Answer 48

- Assigning a degree of intelligence or person based on their race => Ex: assuming Asians are good at math - Treating person as lesser/second class citizen => Ex: mistaking person of color as janitor vs professor - Pathologizing cultural values/communication styles => Ex: asking Asian person to speak up more - Assumption of criminality => Ex: shopping while black

Question 49

microinvalidations

Answer 49

comments/behaviors that exclude/negate thoughts/feelings/reality of people of color, also often done unconsciously

Question 50

examples of microinvalidations (4)

Answer 50

- Belief that racial minority citizens (Asian/latino) are foreigners => Ex: asking Asian americans where they are from - Color blindness/don't see race => Ex: america is a melting pot - Race plays minor role in life success => Ex: everyone can succeed if they work hard enough - Denial of own racism => Ex: i'm not racist, I have black friends

Question 51

microassaults

Answer 51

explicit racial derogations characterized by verbal or nonverbal attacks meant to hurt intended victim

Question 52

examples of micro assaults (3)

Answer 52

- Name calling - Avoiding interactions - Purposefully discriminatory actions

Question 53

what is different about micro assaults from other forms of racism?

Answer 53

more likely to be conscious, more like old fashioned racism

Question 54

examples of environmental micro aggressions (4)

Answer 54

- university buildings all named after white males ⇒ tells people they don’t belong there - people of color underrepresented on TV ⇒ you're an outsider - overcrowded public schools in communities of color ⇒ you don’t value education - overabundance of liquor stores in communities of color ⇒ people of color are deviant

Question 55

what is the racial and ethnic micro aggressions scale? (6)

Answer 55

- Assumption of inferiority - Second class citizen/criminal - Microinvalidations - exoticization/assumption of similarity among group - Environmental microaggressions - workplace/school microaggressions

Question 56

dilemmas posed by microaggresions (4)

Answer 56

- Clash of racial realities => white vs minority view of racial discrimination declines - Invisibility of unintentional bias => who is right? - Perceived minimal harm of microaggressions => overreaction accusations - catch-22 of responding

Question 57

what percentage of Asian Americans have at least one micro aggression over a 2 week period?

Answer 57

78% where microinvalidations were most common

Question 58

what is experiencing microaggressions associated with?

Answer 58

lower physical and mental well being - Students who reported more microaggressions reported more negative moods, less positive moods, and more physical symptoms across two weeks - On days when students experienced microaggressions, they reported more negative mood and somatic symptoms on that day and the next day

Question 59

what percentage of black students report one race related micro aggression in a 2 week period?

Answer 59

97% with average of 1-2 a day - Stared at by strangers - Overheard or told an offensive joke - Been treated rudely or disrespectfully

Question 60

what did black students report feeling on days they experienced microaggressions?

Answer 60

feeling depressed that day and the day after

Question 61

LGBTQ microaggressions (4)

Answer 61

- Language that puts down LGBTQ people - Assumption of universal LGBTQ experience - discomfort/disapproval of the LGBTQ experience - Assumption of sexual pathology/abnormality

Question 62

gender microaggressions (7)

Answer 62

- Invisibility ⇒ peers ignoring their contributions, seeking out input from men instead - Intersectionality ⇒ microaggressions that tap into other identities - Caretaker ⇒ mandatory nurturance, they would be the ones to clean up - Women dominated occupations ⇒ encouragement to pursue less demanding careers - Presumed incompetence ⇒ given lesser roles in group tasks - Sexual objectification ⇒ catcalled, leered, grouped - Environmental invalidations ⇒ not having women faculty members

Question 63

racial uplifts

Answer 63

naturally occurring positive race related events in everyday life - ethnic bonding or cultural bridging - Students who experienced more uplifts reported less negative affect, more positive affect, and higher self esteem - with more uplifts, negative affect was lower and positive affect and self-esteem were higher

Question 64

People of color being underrepresented on TV is which type of microaggression? - Environmental microaggression - Microinvalidation - Microinsult - Microassault

Answer 64

Environmental microaggression

Question 65

Historical trauma

Answer 65

cumulative emotional and psychological wounding across generations, including the lifespan, which emanates from massive group trauma

Question 66

what are features of historical trauma? (3)

Answer 66

- trauma that is collective is experienced by a group of people who share an identity, affiliation, or circumstance - experienced over time and across generations ⇒ can affect generations that did not directly experience the events - historical legacy of colonization, conquest, and subjugation more salient than racial discrimination

Question 67

how much did Native American populations drop in the late 15th century-late 19th century?

Answer 67

9-18 million down to 200,000 - due to warfare, genocide, and infectious disease ⇒ smallpox due to exposure to infected blankets

Question 68

what are responses to historical trauma? (4)

Answer 68

- Unresolved, complicated, and or prolonged grief from cumulative losses - PTSD - Depression - Substance abuse

Question 69

what are historical trauma constructs useful for explaining?

Answer 69

poor mental and physical health of Native Americans - Compared to whites, native americans have higher death rates ⇒ they are more likely to die from diabetes, chronic liver disease and suicide as well as accidents and homicides

Question 70

how often do native Americans think about losses? What does this cause?

Answer 70

many think about them at least occasionally and this causes distress - significant relationship between scores on the historical loss or historical loss associated symptoms scale and health outcomes including substance abuse, depression/anxiety and suicidality

Question 71

what percent of Native Americans think about losing their culture and losses in general from the effects of alcoholism daily? Most common emotion(s)?

Answer 71

20%; sadness and anger are most common at 50% with least sometimes - symptoms scale related to more PTSD symptoms, substance dependence, anxiety/mood disorder diagnosis

Question 72

what is historical loss associated with in terms of diagnoses?

Answer 72

substance dependence

Question 73

what main types of studies can be done on Native American populations? (2)

Answer 73

1. using historical loss self report scales 2. assessing whether ancestor attended boarding school

Question 74

what do boarding school ancestry relate to?

Answer 74

historical trauma when any ancestor attended a government supported boarding school - indigenous people who reported that an ancestor attended a boarding school generally fared worse on health outcome measures - Suicidality, depression symptoms, substance use

Question 75

why is there a link between boarding schools and mental health?

Answer 75

Damage from boarding school abuse, loneliness, lack of love, and lack of parenting are seen as key factors in the illnesses that plague tribes today - The damage can pass from one generation to the next and manifest in high rates of poverty, substance abuse, domestic violence, depression, and suicide

Question 76

how often do students think about historical losses? How do students differ?

Answer 76

on average at least a weekly basis

Question 77

what effect on health does thinking about losses have on students?

Answer 77

Thinking more often about historical loss was associated with lower well being and higher distress

Question 78

what are differences amongst Native American students when thinking about losses?

Answer 78

There was a weaker relationship between historical loss and lower well being for students with stronger ethnic identities - ethnic identity may be a buffering factor

Question 79

End card

Answer 79

:)