exam 3 study guide Flashcards
1
Q
define thrombus
A
- blood clot
2
Q
define embolism
A
- part of blood clot or ANY foreign matter that has broken off and is now floating / traveling in the circulatory system
3
Q
define thromboembolism
A
- part of traveling blood clot that has gotten stuck somewhere and is messing p blood flow
4
Q
define ischemia
A
- lack of blood flow and nutrients
5
Q
define infraction
A
- tissue death
6
Q
define intermittent claudication
A
- pain with exertion
7
Q
define hemorrhagic
A
- excessive bleeding
8
Q
define pre load
A
- part of stroke volume and SVT
- volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole (relaxation)
9
Q
define statis
A
- stopping or slowing down in blood flow
10
Q
define hypercoagulability
A
- blood more likely to form clot
11
Q
define aneurysm
A
- bulge in all 3 layers of the blood vessels
- most common is aortic, second is cerebral
12
Q
define dissection
A
- rupture of aneurysm
13
Q
define cardiac output
A
- how much blood is going out of the heart per min to the body
14
Q
define after load
A
- resistance that blood has to overcome when coming out of aorta
15
Q
what are the risk factors for DVT
A
- prolonged inactivity
- venous constriction
- surgery
16
Q
what are the risk factors for hypertension?
A
- diet
- diabetes
- sedentary life
- obesity
- smoking cigs
- cholesterol
17
Q
what are the risk factors for an aneurysm
A
- HYPERTENSION
- cardiac disease (cad, pad, HF, ect)
- atherosclerosis
18
Q
what is the cause for risk orthostatic hypotension?
A
- medications/drugs,
dehydration, prolonged immobility
hypoglycemia, thyroid conditions
19
Q
what is the treatment for orthostatic hypotension?
A
- Review medication history
- Slow positional changes
- Avoid hot environments
duiretics ect
fainting - Avoid large or carbohydrate-heavy meals
pig mae attack - When symptoms begin, squatting/bending forward or
crossing legs may reduce effects - Elastic compression stockings, abdominal binders, elevate
head of bed - Increase salt and fluid intake
20
Q
what are the C.M of orthostatic hypotension?
A
- Results in dizziness, syncope, fainting, blurred vision, and confusion
- FALL RISK
21
Q
what are the risk factors for atherosclerosis?
A
- HYPERTENSION
- cig smoking
- obesity
- diabetes
- elevated LDL or low HDL
- stress
- lots of alcohol
- sedentary life
- age
- genetics
22
Q
where does atherosclerosis start?
A
- endothelial damage
- inflammation
23
Q
what are the risk factors for PAD & CAD?
A
- hypertension
- smoking cigs
- dyslipidemia
24
Q
what are the risk factors for cerebral vascular disease?
A
- hypertension
- DM
- hyperlipidemia
- smoking
- advanced age
- heart disease
- sleep apnea
- physical inactivity
25
what are the assessment findings for chronic venous insufficiency
- lower leg edema
- pain (dull)
- ulcers
- leg craps
- darkened sin
26
what are the assessment findings for PAD?
- collarless
- pain (sharp)
- cold
- pulssessness
- tingling
27
what can atherosclerosis lead to?
- hypertension
- CAD
- renal disease
- PAD
- stroke
- MI
28
what are the assessment findings of acute coronary syndrome?
- first determine if its stable or unstable coronary syndrome
- stable = intermittent claudication
- unstable = doesn't go away with rest, has to be unstable angina (UA) or possible MI
- get EKG ASAP
- change in usual pattern of chest pain, more severe, last longer, has worsening pattern, is total occlusion of the coronary artery
29
what are the assessment findings for hypertension?
- high BP = increased workload ands after load for the heart, making the left ventricle having to work harder
- possible left ventricular hypertrophy & heart failure
30
what are the risk factors for orthostatic hypotension?
- meds
- dehydration
- immobility
- hypoglycemia
- thyroid issues
- hypovolemia
- heart dysthymias
31
what are the assessment findings of left heart failure?
- more common
- decreased cardiac output
- pulmonary congestion
- impaired gas exchange
- backs up to lungs
- pulmonary congestion
- pulmonary edema (frothy sputum)
- orthopnea (paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea)
32
what are the assessment findings of right heart failure?
- rest of body congestion
- congestion of peripheral tissue
- dependent edema and ascites
- liver congestion = signs related to impaired liver function
- GI congestion = anorexia, GI distress
33
what is the cause of an ischemic stroke?
- blood clot blocks blood flow to an area of the brain
- results from sudden occlusion of cerebral artery, secondary to thrombus formation or emboli
34
what is the cause of hemorrhagic stroke?
- dissected aorta secondary to severe chronic hypertension
35
what is the cause of left heart failure?
- left ventricular infraction
- systemic HTN
36
what are the backwards effects of left sided heart failure?
- pulmonary dysfunction from pulm congestion & edema
- needed daily weights to best measure fluid accumulation
- pink sputum
37
what is the forward effects of left sided HF?
- insufficient CO, means decreased tissue perfusion, RAAS activation & fluid retention
38
what are the forward effects of heart failure?
- fatigue
- oliguria (decreased urine output)
- increased heart rate
- faint pulses
- restlessness
- confusion
- anxiety
39
what are the backwards effects of right sided heart failure?
- ascities
- hepatomegaly
- splenomegaly
- sub Q edema
- JVD
40
when does ventricular remodeling happen?
- after injury to the heart
- HTN
- hypertrophy
- fibrosis
- abnormal energy production
41
define stenosis
- STIFF VALVE THAT CAN'T OPEN RIGHT
- result sin an increase of workload of proximal chamber (typically left atrium)
42
define regurgitation
- valve cant close right
- results in increase workload of the proximal and distal chamber (left ventricle, aorta and aorta)
43
what murmur will be heard with mitral regertation?
- systolic
44
what murmur will be heart with aortic reaggregation
- diastolic
45
what murmur will be heard when mitral stenosis?
- forward flow messed up so will be diastolic murmur
46
what murmur is heard with aortic stenosis?
- systolic
47
what are the stroke consequences?
- motor deficits, happen on opposite side
- sensory deficits, may have spatial awareness issues
- language deficits = aphasia, loss ability to understand or comprehend speech
- severity based on area affected
Evidenced as language impairment, impaired spatial relationship skills and short-term memory, and poor judgment
48
what are the C.M of a heart attack?
- chest pain
- nausea
- shortness of breath
- pain in the left upper arm or jaw
- sudden, heavy sweating
