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GNUR 293 pathophysiology > diseases of the veins & arteries, exam 3 > Flashcards

diseases of the veins & arteries, exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is perfusion?

A
  • blood flow through the circulatory system
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2
Q

what is the function of perfusion

A
  • providing 02 and nutrients to circulatory system
  • removal of metabolic waste products
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3
Q

what happens w/ decreased perfusion?

A
  • ischemia & hypoxia
  • other issues
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4
Q

what is the function of a vein

A
  • brings blood to the heart (deoxygenated)
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5
Q

what is the function of the arteries?

A
  • blood leaves the heart (oxygenated)
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6
Q

what is the strangest ventricle?

A
  • left
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7
Q

what is the flow of the heart

A
  1. Superior and Inferior Vena Cava (SVC and IVC)
  2. Right Atrium
  3. Tricuspid Valve
  4. right ventricle
  5. pulmonary valve
  6. pulmonary artery
  7. pulmonary veins
  8. left atrium
  9. mitral value
  10. left ventricle
  11. aortic valve
  12. aorta
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8
Q

what happens if the left ventricle gets backed up?

A
  • the fluid goes to the lungs, and you get pulmonary edema
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9
Q

what is the function of lymph

A
  • reabsorbs flid that leaks from vascular network and returns it to general circulation
  • flows in one direction, only flows up and takes fluid away
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10
Q

what are the 3 main clinical conditions of incompetent heart values?

A
  • varicose veins
  • chronic venous insufficiency
  • deep vein thrombosis
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11
Q

what is pooling?

A
  • blood staying in an area (lots of time lower extremities) bc the pumps not working to bring blood back to heart
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12
Q

what are the 3 incompetent value disease due to?

A
  • many factors: ex
  • obesity, pregnancy, right heart failure, prolonged standing, ect
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13
Q

what are the causes of varicose veins?

A
  • impaired venous return causing blood to pool
  • weak or damaged vein walls and valves
  • a bit hereditary
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14
Q

what are the symptoms of varicose veins?

A
  • superficial, darkened, distended / palpable, and tortuous veins
  • can see very easily
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15
Q

what is the treatment for varicose veins?

A
  • sclerotherapy & surgical interventions
  • elevate legs
  • avoid standing
  • teds
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16
Q

what is chronic venous insufficiency?

A
  • valvular incompetence of the deep veins
  • the valves within the deep veins (which normally prevent blood from flowing backward) are damaged or weakened, causing blood to pool and potentially leading to symptoms like swelling, pain, and varicose veins
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17
Q

what are the symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency?

A
  • peripheral edema, leg cramps, darkened skin, bluish ulcers
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18
Q

what is the best method of evaluating chronic venous insufficiency?

A
  • ultrasound
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19
Q

what is the treatment for chronic venous insufficiency?

A
  • compression therapy & infection control
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20
Q

what are the risk factors for deep vein thrimbosis?

A
  • prolonged inactivity
  • venous constriction
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21
Q

what is the prevention for deep vein thrombosis?

A
  • evaluate & treatment
  • doppler ultrasound
  • serum d - dimer
  • anticoagulants to prevent more clotting
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22
Q

what is deep vein thrombosis?

A

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) occurs when a blood clot (thrombus) forms in one or more of the deep veins in the body, usually in the legs.

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22
Q

what is the difference between anticoagulants vs. thrombolytics

A
  • anticoagulants prevent blood clots from forming or stop blood clots from getting bigger
  • thrombolytics break down all blood clots which can cause bleeding
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22
Q

what med should NOT be given during deep vein thrombosis?

A
  • thrombolytic, instead give a anticoagulant
  • thrombolytics break down blood clots which can open wounds
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22
what is Virchow's triad?
- PT's underlying pathology that can determine someone's thrombosis probability - venous statis, endothelial damage, and blood hypercoagulability
23
what are the clinical manifestations of thrombus formation?
- unliteral leg edema, pain, and erythema - chronic venous insufficiency - embolism of thrombotic fragments
24
what is a pulmonary embolism?
- DVT that breaks off from the vein and travels through the bloodstream to the heart then the lungs, the clot blocks a vessel in the lung interrupting blood supply and making blood pool
25
what are signs & symptoms of DVT?
- swelling - erythema of the skin - redness or discoloration of the skin - pain or tenderness not caused by injury
26
what are the signs and symptoms of pulmonary embolism (PE)
- difficulty breathing - coughing up blood - tachycardia or irregular heartbeat - chest pain that worsens with deep breathing - pain is due to the fight or flight, lack of 02 bc hyperventilation, then get anaerobic metabolism, then lactic acid then pain
27
what is vascular resistance?
- resistance that mist be overcome to push blood through the circulatory system
28
what effects vascular resistance?
- affected by vessel radius, length, and blood viscosity
29
when vascular resistance increases what decreases?
- blood flow
30
how does pressure move relating to hemodynamics of the circulatory system
- blood pressure moves from high pressure in the systemic arteries to low pressure in the veins
31
during a blood clot, what starling force is affected?
- increased hydrostatic pressure
32
what conditions are due to an alteration in blood flow?
- perfusion - hypoxia - ischemia - hypoxemia - dysoxia (tissues not getting 02)
33
what 2 major diseases impair perfusion?
- vascular disorders - cardiac disorders
34
how can vascular disorders impair perfusion?
- through narrowing of the blood vessels - increase in arterial pressure
35
what disease is associated with an increase in arterial pressure that may impair perfusion?
- hypertension
36
what disease is associated with narrowing of the blood vessels that may impair perfusion?
- atherosclerosis (thickening/stiffening of the BV's) - embolism stroke (floating blood clot
37
why is atherosclerosis dangerous?
-bc its thickening / stiffing of the blood vessels - because if the HR or BP gets too fast or high and the walls are thick that can trap clots in the walls and cause strokes or other conditions
38
what 3 cardiac disorders that may impair perfusion?
- decrease blood flow to the heart (angina & MI) - decreased in blood flow out of the heart (cardiac valve disorders) - decrease heart function (cardiac dysrhythmias & heart failure)
39
what causes plaque buildup?
- cholesterol (!) - fatty substances - cellular waste products - calcium and fibrin
39
what is atherosclerosis?
- buildup of plaque in medium and large arteries
39
what does atherosclerosis cause?
- decreased perfusion
40
why does plaque form?
- endothelial injury and inflammation (!!!) - infection
41
what does endothelial injury and inflammation cause in relation to atherosclerosis and perfusion?
- hypoxia induced injury - pressure induced injury - traumatic injury - immune mediated injury - oxidative stress
42
what is the main cause of atherosclerosis?
- endothelial damage (!) to the arterial intima, initiating an inflammatory response and an increase in vessel wall permeability
43
what causes atherosclerosis?
- endothelial damage - fatty streak or low density serum lipoproteins (LDL cholesterol) - fibrous plaque
44
what is low density serum lipoproteins? LDL cholesterol
- breach in intimal layer engulfed by macrophages (foam cells) leukocytes and endothelial cells oxidize the lipids, producing further damage
45
what is atherosclerotic plaque made out of?
- primarily composed of smooth muscle cells, lipoproteins, and inflammatory debris - plaques slowly enlarge (decreased perfusion)
46
what is a vulnerable plaque?
- may rupture or become eroded which stimulates clot formation on the plaque
47
what does stable plaque have?
- more collagen and fibrin - stable cap
48
what does vulnerable plaque have?
- large lipid core - thin cap - high shear stress - more likely to rupture, causing blood clot
49
what are some risk factors for athrosclerosis?
Cigarette smoking (tobacco use) * Obesity * Hypertension * Diabetes, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome * Dyslipidemia (elevated LDL, or HDL < 40) * Excessive alcohol intake * Stress * Sedentary lifestyle * Increased homocysteine levels (found in red meat) * Increased C-reactive protein levels (inc inflammation) * Increased Iron * Decreased nitric oxide * Age (men >45, women >55) * Genetic predisposition (family hx, ethnicity)
50
what are the clinical manifestations for atherosclerosis?
- varies with tissues involved - HTN (hypertension) - Renal disease - cardiac disease (CAD) - peripheral arterial disease - stroke
51
what is peripheral arterial disease?
- PAD is a common circulation problem, arteries that carry blood to the legs or arms become narrowed or clogged
52
what are the main causes of PAD
- hard of arteries plaque builds up in arteries; narrows, blocks blood flow (also called atherosclerosis)
53
what are the symptoms of PAD?
- painful cramping in your hip, thigh or calf muscles after activity such as walking or climbing stairs - leg numbness or weakness - coldness in your lower leg or foot, especially when compared with the other leg - change in color of the legs - hair loss or slower hair growth on your feet and legs - no pulse or weak pulse in your legs or feet
54
what are aneurysms
- complication of atherosclerosis - area of weakened arterial wall - causes pouch or sac like dilation - occurs most often in aortic artery - if weak area becomes too thin can rupture (dissection) and can result in life threatening hemorrhage
55
what is a true aneurysm?
- involves all the layers of an intact (but attenuated) arterial wall or the thinned ventricular wall of the heart - more dangerous
56
what is a false aneurysm (pseudo aneurysm)
- defect in the vascular wall leading to an extravascular hematoma that freely communicates w/ the intravascular space
57

GNUR 293 pathophysiology (21 decks)

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