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GNUR 293 pathophysiology > electrolyte imbalances (exam 2) > Flashcards

electrolyte imbalances (exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

what is a cation?

A
  • positively charged molecules
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2
Q

what is an anion?

A
  • negativity charged molecule
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3
Q

what is the most prevalent cation in the ICF (intercellular fluid)

A
  • POTASSIUM (in a cell) (K+)
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4
Q

what is the most prevent cation in the ECF (extracellular fluid)?

A
  • SODIUM (na+)
  • OUTSIDE OF CELL
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5
Q

what is the most prevalent anion in the ICF?

A
  • phosphate (PO4^3-)
  • inside the cell
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6
Q

what is the most prevalent anion in the ECF?

A
  • Chloride (CL^-)
  • outside of the cell membrane
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7
Q

what is the function of potassium?

A
  • major intracellular electrolyte (!)
  • regulates ICF osmolarity and fluid (!)
  • maintains resting membrane potential (!)
  • required for glycogen/glucose deposit in liver and muscles (not as important)
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8
Q

how does potassium effect resting membrane potential? (-90 mV to hit action potential regularly)

A
  • if too high: too much firing, and too easy for an action potential (- 70 mV to hit action potential)
  • if to low: too little firing or too hard to reach an action potential (-100 mV to hit action potential)
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9
Q

what regulates potassium?

A
  • pH changes = acidosis = hyperkalemia
  • kidney
  • aldosterone
  • insulin
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10
Q

how does pH changes in acidosis regulate potassium?

A
  • H+ ions collect in the ICF, shifting K out of the EFC resulting in hyperkalemia (too much K+ in the blood)
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11
Q

how does kidney regulate potassium?

A
  • increase/decrease the amount of K+ excreted in urine in response to plasma concentration
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12
Q

how does aldosterone regulate potassium?

A
  • in high levels of K+ stimulates the secretion of K+ in urine and sweat
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13
Q

how does insulin regulate potassium?

A
  • stimulates NA/K pumps to move K+ into cell after eating (need ATP to work tho)
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14
Q

what is the expiatory and inhibitory diseases for potassium

A
  • excitatory = hyperkalemia
  • inhibitory = hypokalemia
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15
Q

what is the expiatory and inhibitory diseases for calcium?

A
  • excitatory = hypokalemia
  • inhibitory = hyperkalemia
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16
Q

what is the expiatory and inhibitory diseases for parathyriod?

A
  • excitatory = hypoparathyroidism
  • inhibitory = hyperparathyroidism
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17
Q

what is the expiatory and inhibitory diseases for phosphate?

A
  • excitatory = hyperphosphatemia
  • inhibitory = hypophosphatemia
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18
Q

what is the expiatory and inhibitory diseases for magnesium?

A
  • excitatory = hypomagnesemia
  • inhibitory = hypermagnesemia
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19
Q

what does kalemia stand for?

A
  • potassium
  • hypokalemia = low potassium
  • hyperkalemia = low potassium
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20
Q

what is hypokalemia?

A
  • low blood potassium levels
  • “decreased potassium ion concentration in extracellular fluid” official def
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21
Q

etiology of hypokalemia? / what can cause

A
  • decreased fluid intake, usually in conditions that cause a decreased oral intake
  • shift into the cell
  • increased excretion of urination =
    • typically renal but can be w/ feces, sweat, GI track
    • EMESIS, DIARRHEA, DIURETICS (!), LAXATIVES (!) (bc the pt is losing lots of k+
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22
Q

what are the clinical manifestations of hypokalemia?

A
  • inhibitory so it makes the muscles and GI track slower
  • slow respirations
  • thready pulse = low bp & pulse
  • arrhythmias
  • weakness & fatigue
  • muscle weakness / cramps
  • constipation
  • ALKALOSIS
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23
Q

what’s the treatment of hypokalemia

A
  • replacement of K through diet & IV
  • correct acid base imbalance
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24
Q

what are the abdominal clinical manifestations of hypokalemia?

A
  • altered smooth muscle function bc inhibitory
  • distention
  • diminished bowel sounds
  • paralytic ileus
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25
what are the skeletal muscle clinical manifestations for hypokalemia
- bilateral muscle weakness (myopathy) ; begins in legs - raspatory paralysis
26
what are the cardiac symptoms hypokalemia?
- ectopic beats - alterations in conduction - dysrhythmias may be serve enough to cause sudden death - polyuria (excessive urination)
27
what is hyperkalemia
- increased potassium levels in the blood
28
what is the etiology of hyperkalemia
- increased potassium intake (maybe through IV) - shift of potassium form inside the cells to the extracellular fluid (crushing injuries) - decreased potassium excretion = - from drugs that reduce aldosterone effects, are nephrotoxic, oliguria - ACIDOSIS
29
what are the clinical manifestations for hyperkalemia
- muscle dysfunction due to changes in resting membrane potential - early = intestinal cramping, diarrhea - late = muscle weakness in lower extremities - cardiac dysthymias & cardiac arrest
30
what is the treatment for hyperkalemia
- treat contributing cause - correct imbalance
31
what is the function of calcium?
- metabolic process - structure of bone & teeth - transmission of never and muscle impulses
32
what regulates calcium
- PARAPTHYRIOD - vit d. - calcitonin
33
what is hypocalcemia?
- low calcium IN THE BLOOD, may be normal in the body - EXCITORY - DECREASES THE THRESHOLD POTENTIAL, CAUSING HYPEREXCITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR CELLS
34
what is the etiology of hypocalcemia?
- decreased calcium intake or absorption (poor diet, lack of vit. d) - decreased physiologic availability of calcium - excessive phosphate - HYPOPARATHYRODISM - increase calcium excretion (steatorrhea)
35
what are the clinical manifestations of hypocalcemia?
- muscle twitching and cramping/spasms - trousseau (wrist shaking) (Chvostek cheek twitching) - hyperactive reflexes - tetany - seizures - cardiac dysthymias - action PT's are generated more easily
36
what is hypercalcemia?
- when calcium concentration raises above upper level - calcium too high
37
etiology of hypercalcemia
- increased calcium intake or absorption - vit D OD - shift of calcium from bone to extracellular fluid - HYPERPARATHYROIDISM, immobilization, bone tumor - decreased calcium excretion
38
what are the clinical manifestations of hypercalcemia?
- INHIBITORY, causing decreased neuromuscular excitability - muscle weakness - diminished reflexes - cardiac dysthymias
39
what is the treatment for hypercalcemia? what IV solution should be given?
- correct hyperparathyroidism - increase renal excretion - decrease intestinal absorption of calcium - check for bone conditions - removal of calcium from circulatory system - 0.9 NS should be given
40
what electrolyte has a inverse relationship w/ phosphate?
- CALCIUM = opposite relationship
41
what is the function of phosphate?
- energy for muscle contraction (bc ATP) - regulation of acid/base - builds bones/teeth
42
what is the etiology of hypophosphatemia?
- decreased phosphate intake or absorption (chronic alcoholism, chronic diarrhea, antiacids) - shift of phosphate from extracellular fluid to cells (refeeding after starvation) - increased phosphate excretion (alcohol withdrawal, emesis)
43
what are the clinical manifestations of hypophosphatemia?
- not normally seen till severe - due in part to decreased ATP within cells (phosphate is the P in ATP) - muscle weakness - seizures - impaired cardiac function - INHIBITORY
44
what is the treatment for hypophosphatemia
- treat underlying cause - oral / IV supplement
45
what is the etiology of hyperphosphatemia?
- increased phosphate intake / absorption (overuse of enemas or laxatives) - shift of phosphate from cells to extracellular fluid - decreased phosphate excretion - chronic kidney disease, oliguric renal failure
46
what are the clinical manifestations of hyperphosphatemia?
- EXCITABILITY - increased neuromuscular excitability - causes hypocalcemia signs & symptoms - excessive phosphate salts may deposit in soft tissue - may cause aching and stiffness of joints - itching
47
what is the treatment for hyperphosphatemia?
- limit intake, enhance excretion
48
what are the functions of magnesium
- neuromuscular excitability (muscle contraction & relaxation) = HELPS MUSCLE RELAX
49
what regulates magnesium?
- intestinal absorption and renal excretion balance
50
what is the etiology of hypomagnesemia?
- decreased magnesium intake or absorption (chronic alcoholism, malnutrition, chronic diarrhea) - decreased physiologic availability of magnesium - increased magnesium excretion = diuretics, steatorrhea, emesis
51
what are the clinical manifestations of hypomagnesemia?
- EXCITABILITY - hyperactive reflexes - muscle cramps - muscle twitching / grimacing - positive chvoske sign & trousseau - seizers - cardiac dysthymias
52
what is the treatment for hypomagnesemia?
- oral supplements - iv magnesium
53
what is the etiology of hypermagnesemia?
INCREASED MAGNESIUM INTAKE OR ABSORPTION - LAXATIVES, ANTACIDS (!!!!) DECREASED MAGNESIUM EXCRETION - OLIGURIC RENAL FAILURE (pee too much)
54
what are the clinical manifestations for hypermagnesemia?
- inhibitory - muscle weakness/paralysis - raspatory depression - hypotension - lethargy - decreased deep tendon reflexes
55
what is the treatment for hypermagnesemia?
- IV calcium - dialysis
56
Is hyperkalemia excitory or inhibitory
- excitatory!!
57
Is hypokalemia excidtory or inhibitory?
- inhibitory
58
What does k+ effect?
- the heart
59
What does NA+ effect (majorly)
- THR BRAIN
60
Is hypocalcemia excitatory or inhibitory?
- inhibitory
61
Is hypocalcemia excitatory or inhibitory
- excitatory
62
Is hypoparathyroidism excitatory or inhibitory?
- excitatory
63
Is hyperparathyrodism excitatory or inhibitory?
- inhibitory
64
Is hyerphosphatemia excitatory or inhibitory?
- excitatory
65
Is hypophosphatemia excitatory or inhibitory?
- inhibitory
66
Is hypomagnesemia excitatory or inhibitory?
- excitatory
67
Is hypermagnesemia excitatory or inhibitory?
- inhibitory
68

GNUR 293 pathophysiology (21 decks)

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