Adaptive immunity Flashcards
what line of defense is adaptive immunity?
- third line of defense
what is the third line of defense made of?
- Cell mediated and humoral responses
- cell mediated response is t - lymphocytes that make T helper cells and t- killer cells known as cytotoxic cells
- humoral response = b lymphocytes which make antibodies
where do cell mediated t - lymphocytes originate?
- both cells originate in the bone marrow, but mature differently
where does T cells mature?
- the thymus
where do B cells mature?
- they stay and mature in the bone marrow
what do B cells become?
- a plasma cell that produces / secretes antibodies
- memory cells that remember pathogens (aka antibodies)
what do T cells become?
- CD4 cells = t - helper cells
- CD8 = cytotoxic cells = killer cells
define cell mediated immunity
- t cells, specifically tc cells attack and kill targets directly
- aka CD8 cells
- they attack viruses and cancer
- also produces memory cells
what is humoral immunity and what is it made up of?
- in the blood!!!
- antibodies (immunoglobulins and produced by B cells or plasma cells
- aka IgG or igM
- direct inactivation of pathogen or activation of inflammatory mediators = antibodies highlight bad bacteria or pathogens for the phagocyte to eat, then memory cells are produced
- attack bacteria and viruses
- makes memory cells
what is active immunity?
- body was exposed to something and produced a response
- antigen exposure: the individual person produces antibodies (ABs)
- is from NATURAL exposure
- also from immunizations (vaccines or flu shots)
- it is long lived
what happens when someone gets a vaccine & what kind of immunity is it?
- active immunity
- when you get a vaccine, you are given antigens, which are small pieces of protein that the body then turns into memory cells
what is passive immunity?
- does not involved hosts immune system
- performed antibodies or T cells are administered / transferred from donor to recipient
- immune globulin administration
- temporary immunity (bc it wasn’t made by our own immune system)
ex: pregnancy / breast feeding gives baby temporary immunity from mother
ex: fetal immune system is busted from mothers for the first 3 - 6 months
what is the chief function of an antibody?
- protect against infection of antigens
what are the 3 direct mechanisms of antibodies?
- neutralization
- agglutination
- precipitation
what are the indirect mechanisms of antibodies?
- inflammation
- antibodies act as a complement so opsonization
- phagocytosis
what is antibody neutralization
- blocking the binding of antigens to receptor
what is antibody agglutination?
- clumping insoluble particles
what is antibody precipitation?
- making a soluble antigen into a insoluble precipitate that gets taken away with other waste in the body
WHAT ARE THE 5 CLASSES OF IMMNOGLOBULINS
- IgG
-IgM
-IgA
-IgD
-IgE
G.A.M.E.D
WHAT IS IgG????????
- MOST ABUNDANT
- most protective activity against infection
- offers fetal protection
- crosses the placenta !!!
- GONE bc its most abundant during the SECOND time of getting infected with the same infection
WHAT IS IgA??????
IN BODY SECPTION
- 2 subclasses:
1. igA1 in blood and
2. igA2 in BODY SECRETIONS!!
WHAT IS IgM?????
- LARGETS immunoglobulin molecule
- is the first immunoglobulin present, and is important for the first exposure bc it’s the first response
- sanitized during fetal life
- B cell recapture complex
WHAT IS IgD ?????
- IMATURE B CELLS
- low concentration in blood
WHAT IS IgE????????
- ALLERGIES !!!
- helps degranulate mast cells
- low concentration in blood
- mediator of allergic response (link to mast cells)
- PARACITIC INFECTION
what is the ultimate igG team?
- Immunoglobulin (igG) = accounts for 80% of immune power making it the most prevalent antibody, neutralized the bad guys and remembers them to speed up body’s future response time
- Immunoglobulin (IgA) = located mostly in the lungs, sinuses, stomach, and intestines, mucous membranes, igA surveys the gut lining, respiratory system
- Immunoglobulin M (IgM) = IgM holds off threats to ur immune system untll igG finishes job
what happens during the primary exposure to a pathogen ?
- primary = initial exposure
- IgM is there first
- followed by a latent period or lag phase
- B cell differentiation occurring which is making more memory cells
- after 5 - 7 days IgM antibodies for a specific pathogen is detected
- an IgG response equal or slightly less at 10 - 14 days (to fully get rid of something)
how many days does it take for IgM to come for a primary response?
- after 5 - 7 days an IgM antibody for a specific antigen is detected
for a primary response when does IgG respond?
- an IgG response equal or less than IgM by 1- - 14 days
Describe the secondary response:
- More rapid
- IgG!!!! SECOND RESPONSE
- larger amounts of antibodies are produced
- rapidity is caused by the memory cells that don’t have to differentiate
- IgM is produced in similar quantities to the primary response, but IgG is produced in GREATER numbers
