exam 3 study guide Flashcards
cornus elasticus
unpaired, cone shaped that connects cricoid, thyroid, arytenoid
laryngoscopy
viewing the larynx
direct vs indirect laryngoscopy
direct: using instrument to get direct view
indirect: using mirror to reflect light to a mirror reflecting an image of the larynx
endoscopy
direct viewing of the larynx
via oral cavity (peroral) or nasal cavity (nasal)
electromyography
recording bioelectrical material from muscles of larynx
electroglottalgraph
neurochronaxic
theory that vocal fold vibration is a result of neural innervation
myoelastic-aerodynamic
theory that vocal fold vibration is a result of subglottal pressure
biological and non biological functions of larynx
biological:
-prevent foreign substances from entering trachea
-fixate thorax
-expel substances from entering trachea
nonbiological:
-creation of sounds integral for speech production
hyoid bone
-U shaped bone in larynx
-only bone that does not connect to another bone
-parts: body, greater horn, and lesser horn
Thyroid cartilage
-largest and unpaired
-2 thyroid laminae formed by quadrilateral plates that are fused at midline to create an angle (90 in females and 80 in males)
-has V shaped notch on top
-forms Adam’s apple
-has superior and inferior horns
cricoid cartilage
-unpaired and ring shaped
-anterior: rounded
-posterior: flat
arytenoid cartilage
-paired
-shaped like 3 sided pyramid
(base, apex, and posterior, anterior, and anterio-lateral sides)
-vocal processes: attach to vocal folds via
-muscular processes: attachment for muscles that adduct and abduct vocal folds
epiglottis
-unpaired and leaf shaped
-close to prevent food from going into trachea
corniculate
-paired
-small horns on top of arytenoid apexes
-probably vestigial
cuneiform
-paired and wedge shaped
-embedded in aryepiglottic folds
-vestigial
hypoepiglottis ligament
extrinsic
unpaired midline elastic ligament; from anterior surface of epiglottis to body of hyoid
cricotracheal membrane
extrinsic
connects to lower border of cricoid with the first tracheal ring
quadrangular
instrinsic
upper half of the larynx
false vocal folds
cornus elasticus
instrinsic
lower half
unpaired cone shaped
vocal folds are embedded
supraglottal region
area above rima glottides/glottis
space between vocal folds
subglottal region
region below vocal folds
sternothyroid
-extrinsic muscle
-long slender muscle in front of anterior side of neck
-depresses thyroid cartilage
thyrohyoid
-extrinsic muscle
-anterior to neck
-narrows distance between the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage
inferior pharynlaryngeal constrictor
-extrinsic muscle
-lines lower part of pharynx
suprahyoid muscles
laryngeal elevators
digastric
-suprahyoid muscles
-two bellies (one in lateral neck/one in anterior neck)
-raises hyoid bone or depresses jaw
stylohyoid
-suprahyoid muscle
-slender muscle superficial to posterior belly of digastric
-draws hyoid bone up and down
mylohyoid
-suprahyoid muscle
-trough shaped and forms floor of mouth
-elevates hyoid bone, floor of mouth and tongue
-important for deglutition
geniohyoid
-suprahyoid muscle
-paired cylindrical muscle above mylohyoid
-raises hyoid up and forward and depresses mandible
hypoglossus
-suprahyoid muscle
-extrinsic tongue muscle deep in neck, raise hyoid bone, or depress tongue
genioglossus
-suprahyoid muscle
-extrinsic tongue muscle
-elevates hyoid bone and moves tongue forward
sternohyoid
-infrahyoid muscle
-flat muscle near anterior surface of neck
-depresses hyoid bone
omohyoid
-infrahyoid muscle
-long narrow and two bellied
-on anterolateral surface of neck
-have two insertions
intrinsic muscles
-both attachments in larynx
-provide fine motor movement for speech
thyroarytenoid
-intrinsic muscle
-paired adductor and tensor
-directly associated with phonation
-tenses or relaxes to raise of lower speech
vocalis muscle
medial portion of thyroarytenoid
ordering vocal ligament
thyromuscularis
lateral portion of thyroarytenoid
poaterior cricoaryntenoid
-intrinsic muscle
-paired
-only muscle that abducts the vocal folds
lateral cricoarytenoid
-intrinsic muscle
-paires
-shaped like narrow fan
-regulated medial compression of vocal folds
arytenoid
-intrinsic muscle
-oblique: at an angle with a lot of movement: approximates arytenoid cartilages
-transverse: horizontal; approximates arytenoid cartilages and adducts vocal folds
cricothyroid
-instrinsic muscle
-tensor
-decreases distance between thyroid lamina and cricoid cartilage = stretching vocal folds
thyroid glands
-not a muscle, but covers outer portions of thyroid cartilage
-controls metabolic functions
cycle of vocal fold vibration
Vocal folds meet at midline to restrict subglottal air pressure. The subglottal pressure increases until vocal folds are blown apart. The vocal folds then return to original shape due to elasticity/ The pressure builds up again and cycle repeats.
simulatneous attack
meet at midline where pressure causes them to separate- most desirable
breathy attack
air released before vocal folds meet at the midline
-excess are projected and voice has breathy quality
hard attack
vocal folds held together; release is explosive in nature
-release in harsh in nature
how to increase pitch
-increases as cross sectional mass decreases as vocal folds are stretched.
-Lengthened by cricothyroid muscle and tensed by thyroarytenoid muscle
how to decrease pitch
-decrease as cross sectional mass increases.
-Thyroarytenoid contracts when not opposed by other muscles; position of larynx rises/falls with pitch
cavities of vocal tract
supraglottal
subglottal
extrinsic muscles of the tongue
hypoglossus and geniohyoid
