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Anatomy and Physiology > exam 2 study guide > Flashcards

exam 2 study guide Flashcards

1
Q

respiration

A

process of gas exchange between organism and environment

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2
Q

articulation

A

process of speech organs forming sounds

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3
Q

phonation

A

sound source for speech sounds

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4
Q

resonance

A

shapes the vocal tract to give sounds unique characteristics

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5
Q

a cybernetic system is

A

automatic and self monitoring

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6
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

defines the physics of breathing

states that given a constant temp, pressure and volume are inversely related

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7
Q

inhalation vs inpiration

A

inhalation: bringing air into lungs

inspiration: bringing air into lungs for gas exchange

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8
Q

exhalation vs expiration

A

exhalation: air leaving lungs

expiration: carbon dioxide driven out of lungs

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9
Q

parts of nasal cavity

A

nares
chonchae
choana

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10
Q

What does the nasal cavity do to air?

A

filters
moistens
warms

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11
Q

trachea

A

windpipe below larynx

4-5 inches of 16-20 U shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

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12
Q

bronchi

A

2 branches that supply the lungs

branches into secondary and then tertiary bronchi

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13
Q

process of inhalation and exhalation

A

-thoracic cavity expands (diaphragm contracts), increasing the volume
-pressure in lungs decreases and it becomes negative compared to atmospheric pressure outside of lungs
-air rushes into lungs to equalize pressure
-diaphragm then relaxes, reducing volume of thoracic cavity
-pressure in lungs is now positive compared to atmospheric pressure
-air rushed out of lungs to equalize the pressure

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14
Q

corpus/body of vertebrae

A

main part/bulk of vertebra

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15
Q

pedicles of vertebrae

A

convex portion between spinous and transverse processes

articulate facet on inner surface

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16
Q

neural arch of vertebrae

A

same as vertebral foreman

where spinal cord passes through

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17
Q

spinous processes of vertebrae

A

extensions of vertebrae that you can see/feel

they keep shape of the spine

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18
Q

transverse processes of vertebrae

A

keep vertebrae in line

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19
Q

articulate facet of vertebrae

A

surface that co-articulates with adjacent vertebrae

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20
Q

how many cervical vertebrae

A

7

between head and thorax

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21
Q

how many thoracic vertebrae

A

12

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22
Q

how many lumbar vertebrae

A

5

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23
Q

how many special/ iliac vertebra

A

5

fused

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24
Q

special vertebrae

A

C1 and C2

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25
Q

Function of C1 vertebra

A

atlas

connects spinal column to head

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26
Q

Function of C2

A

axis

allows head to move and turn

damage to this vertebra would result in patient being unable to move head

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27
Q

intervertebral disks

A

between vertebral disks
made of fibrocartilage and joined to hyaline cartilage

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28
Q

vertebal joints

A

-amphiathrodial: some movement, but limited
-diathrodial: free movement
-synarthrodial: no movement

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29
Q

sternum

A

breastbone

parts:
manubrium (handle)
body
xiphoid

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30
Q

manubrium of sternum

A

handle

flat, multisided plate
articulates with rib 1

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31
Q

corpus of sternum

A

body

articulates with ribs 2-7

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32
Q

xiphoid of sternum

A

ensiphorm

attaches to inferior border of body sternum

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33
Q

how many ribs?

A

12 pairs of ribs

larger from 1-7 and then smaller
(barrel like shape)

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34
Q

the parts of the ribs?

A

head
neck
shaft
angle
coastalgroove

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35
Q

head of rib

A

attaches to vertebral column

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36
Q

neck of rib

A

narrow area

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37
Q

shaft of rib

A

where it comes to front

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38
Q

coastalgroove of rib

A

depressed area for blood and nervous tissue

39
Q

angle of rib

A

where it turns to the midline

40
Q

portions of pectoral girdles

A

clavicle: collar bone
scapula: shoulder bone

41
Q

portions of pelvis girdles

A

-ilium: hip bones
-ischium: bone you sit one
-pubis: pubic bone
-acetabulum: attachment for femur (articulator for 3 bones)
-sacroiliac joint: attaches last vertebral girdle
-inguinal ligament: pubic symphusis —-> ilium

42
Q

diaphragm

A

shallow inverted dome that divides thoracic and abdominal viscera

43
Q

opening of diaphragm (hiatus)

A

aortic hiatus: blood opening
esophagus hiatus: food opening
foramen vena cava: blood- heart

44
Q

diaphragm attachments

A

attached to lower border of ribcage and upper lumbar

attached to pericardium (membranous sac enclosing heart)

45
Q

external intercostals

A

strongest set of muscles between ribs

slant down and forward

deficient ventrally (does not go around to sternum)

function: fixate thoracic wall and control distance between ribs

46
Q

internal intercostals

A

deep to external muscles

slant down and backward

do not attach to vertebrae, but attaches to sternum

function: fixate thoracic walls and controls distance between ribs

47
Q

muscles for breathing

A

external intercostal
internal intercostal
subcostals (intracostals)
transverse thoracis
lerator costalis
serratus posterior

48
Q

subcostals muscle function

A

musculomembranous sheet that lines thorax and is lined with pleura

49
Q

transverse thoracis muscle

A

-origin: inner surface of sternum
-insertion: lower external border and inner surface of ribs
-action: pull ribs to decrease volume of thorax

involved in expiration

50
Q

levator costalis muscle

A

-origin: transverse processes of vertebrae
-insertion: angle of inferior rib
-action: lift ribs to increase volume of thorax

involved in inspiration

51
Q

serratus posterior muscle - superior group

A

-origin: spinious process
-insertion:down and laterally to near angle of inferior rib (ribs 2-7)
-action: raise ribs

involved in inspiration

52
Q

muscles indirectly involved in breathing

A

sternocleidomastoid
scalene muscles

53
Q

sternocleidomastoid

A

-origin: mastoid process of temporal bone (anterior to sternum and superior to clavical)
-insertion: same as origin
-function: raise thorax and turn head downward or medially

54
Q

scalene muscles

A

-origin: transverse process of vertebrae
-insertion:downward to superior surface of ribs
-function: raise thorax and bend neck forward and to the side

55
Q

abdominal muscles

A

-external oblique
-internal oblique
-transverse abdominus
-rectus abdominus

action: compress contents of abdomen and pushes diaphragm up

56
Q

serratus posterior muscle - inferior group

A

-origin: spinious process
-insertion: up and laterally (ribs 8-12)
-action: lower ribs

involved in expiration

57
Q

external oblique

A

-origin: exterior surface and lower border of ribs
-insertion: downward and medially to iliac crest
-action: compress contents and push diaphragm up for expiration

58
Q

internal oblique

A

middle layer of abdominal muscles

-origin: iliac crest and inguinal ligament
-insertion: medially and upward to lower border of last 3 ribs (opposite of external oblique)
-action: compress contents and push diaphragm up

59
Q

transverse abdominus

A

deepest muscle of abdominal group

-origin:inner surface of ribs 6-12; lumbodorsal fascia, inguinal ligament, and anterior edge of iliac crest
-insertion: horizontally to deepest layer of abdominal aponuerosis
action: compress contents and push diaphragm up

60
Q

rectus abdominus

A

-origin: crest of pubic bone
-insertion: vertically to cartilage of ribs 5-7 and xiphoid process
-action:compress content and raise diaphragm

61
Q

linea alba

A

ligament xiphoid process—> pubic symphysis

62
Q

Tidal Lung Volume

A

TV
volume of air inhaled and exhaled during 1 cycle (450cc)

63
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

IRV
max volume of air which can be inhaled after completion of normal inhalation (1500 cc)

64
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

ERV
maximum volume of air which can be exhaled after a normal exhalation

65
Q

Residual Volume

A

RV
volume of air that cannot be expelled after a maximum exhalation

66
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

IC
maximum volume of air that can be inhaled from a resting expiration level

67
Q

Vital Capacity

A

VC
volume of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation

(everything - RV)

VC=IRV+TV+ERV
VC=IC+ERV

68
Q

Total Lung Capacity

A

TLC
maximum volume of air that lungs can hold

equal to sum of all lung volumes

TLC=TV+IRV+ERV+RV
TLC=IC+REV+RV

69
Q

How is normal breathing different from speech breathing?

A

normal breathing: 50-50% inhalation and exhalation

speech breathing: 10% inhalation and 90% exhalation

70
Q

Rib attachments - anterior

A

7 attach at sternum
3 attach to sternum via cartilage
2 are floating

71
Q

spinal pathology - kypnosis

A

“hunchback”

curvature at top of spine

72
Q

spinal pathology - lordosis

A

“swayback”

curvatrue at bottom on spine

73
Q

spinal pathology - scoliosis

A

lateral curvature of the spine

74
Q

emphysema

A

found in older smokers
reduces vital capacity

75
Q

black lung

A

results from breathing in coal dust

76
Q

brown lung

A

results from breathing in asbestos

77
Q

Cerebral Palsy, Parkinson’s, MS and MD

A

neurological conditions that affect breathing coordination and strength

positioning is important for breathing with patients with cerebral palsy

77
Q
A
78
Q

asthma

A

contraction of muscles which control diameter of respiratory tract

reduces air inhaled

79
Q

Apnea

A

stopping of breathing at the end of normal expiration

80
Q

Diaphragmatic respiration

A

uses diaphragm while thoracic

81
Q

Thoracic respiration

A

involves thoracic cavity

82
Q

Clavicular respiration

A

using up and down movement of clavicles

83
Q

Characteristics of speech breathing

A

-rapid inhalation and prolonged exhalation
-occurs under voluntary control

84
Q

mediastium

A

space between lungs, holds, heart, esophagus, and blood passages to lower body

85
Q

lungs are elastic due to

A

1/3 of elasticity is due to tissue
2/3 of elasticity is due to alveoli (air filled bubbles that stretch and collapse)

86
Q

surfactant

A

soap-like film that allows lungs to slide against thoracic wall

87
Q

costal pleura

A

separates lungs from ribs laterally

88
Q

mediastinal pleura

A

lining of mediastinum (medially)

89
Q

visceral pleura

A

separates lungs from diaphragm (inferiorly)

90
Q

characteristics of right lung

A

shorter due to liver
bigger in volume with three lobes

91
Q

characteristics of left lung

A

has 2 lobed and volume is reduced to the heart

92
Q

lung capacity by gender

A

males: 5000 cm^3
females: 4000 cm^3

93
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology (6 decks)

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