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Anatomy and Physiology > exam 2 study guide > Flashcards

exam 2 study guide Flashcards

1
Q

respiration

A

process of gas exchange between organism and environment

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2
Q

articulation

A

process of speech organs forming sounds

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3
Q

phonation

A

sound source for speech sounds

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4
Q

resonance

A

shapes the vocal tract to give sounds unique characteristics

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5
Q

cybernetics

A

automatic and self monitoring

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6
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

defines the physics of breathing

states that given a constant temp, pressure and volume are inversely related

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7
Q

inhalation vs inpiration

A

inhalation: bringing air into lungs

inspiration: bringing air into lungs for gas exchange

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8
Q

exhalation vs expiration

A

exhalation: air leaving lungs

expiration: carbon dioxide driven out of lungs

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9
Q

parts of nasal cavity

A

nares
chonchae
choana

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10
Q

What does the nasal cavity do to air?

A

filters
moistens
warms

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11
Q

trachea

A

windpipe below larynx

4-5 inches of 16-20 U shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

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12
Q

bronchi

A

2 branches that supply the lungs

branches into secondary and then tertiary bronchi

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13
Q

lungs

A
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14
Q

corpus/body of vertebrae

A

main part/bulk of vertebra

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15
Q

pedicles of vertebrae

A

convex portion between spinous and transverse processes

articulate facet on inner surface

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16
Q

neural arch of vertebrae

A

same as vertebral foreman

where spinal cord passes through

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17
Q

spinous processes of vertebrae

A

extensions of vertebrae that you can see/feel

they keep shape of the spine

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18
Q

transverse processes of vertebrae

A

keep vertebrae in line

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19
Q

articulate facet of vertebrae

A

surface that co-articulates with adjacent vertebrae

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20
Q

how many cervical vertebrae

A

7

between head and thorax

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21
Q

how many thoracic vertebrae

A

12

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22
Q

how many lumbar vertebrae

A

5

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23
Q

how many special/ iliac vertebra

A

5

fused

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24
Q

special vertebrae

A

C1 and C2

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25
Q

Function of C1 vertebra

A

atlas

connects spinal cord to head

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26
Q

Function of C2

A

axis

allows head to move and turn

damage to this vertebra would result in patient being unable to move head

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27
Q

sternum

A

breastbone

parts:
manubrium (handle)
body
xiphoid

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28
Q

manubrium of sternum

A

handle

flat, multisided plate
articulates with rib 1

29
Q

corpus of sternum

A

body

articulates with ribs 2-7

30
Q

xiphoid of sternum

A

ensiphorm

attaches to inferior border of body sternum

31
Q

how many ribs?

A

12 pairs of ribs

larger from 1-7 and then smaller
(barrel like shape)

32
Q

the parts of the ribs?

A

head
neck
shaft
angle
coastalgroove

33
Q

head of rib

A

attaches to vertebral column

34
Q

neck of rib

A

narrow area

35
Q

shaft of rib

A

where it comes to front

36
Q

coastalgroove of rib

A

depressed area for blood and nervous tissue

37
Q

angle of rib

A

where it turns to the midline

38
Q

portions of pectoral girdles

A

clavicle: collar bone
scapula: shoulder bone

39
Q

portions of pelvis girdles

A

-ilium: hip bones
-ischium: bone you sit one
-pubis: pubic bone
-acetabulum: attachment for femur (articulator for 3 bones)
-sacroiliac joint: attaches last vertebral girdle
-inguinal ligament: pubic symphusis —-> ilium

40
Q

diaphragm

A

shallow inverted dome that divides thoracic and abdominal viscera

41
Q

opening of diaphragm (hiatus)

A

aortic hiatus: blood opening
esophagus hiatus: food opening
foramen vena cava: blood- heart

42
Q

diaphragm attachments

A

attached to lower border of ribcage and upper lumbar

attached to pericardium (membranous sac enclosing heart)

43
Q

external intercostals

A

strongest set of muscles between ribs

slant down and forward

deficient ventrally (does not go around to sternum)

function: fixate thoracic wall and control distance between ribs

44
Q

internal intercostals

A

deep to external muscles

slant down and backward

do not attach to vertebrae, but attaches to sternum

function: fixate thoracic walls and controls distance between ribs

45
Q

muscles for breathing

A

external intercostal
internal intercostal
subcostals (intracostals)
transverse thoracis
lerator costalis
serratus posterior

46
Q

subcostals muscle function

A

musculomembranous sheet that lines thorax and is lined with pleura

47
Q

transverse thoracis muscle

A

-origin: inner surface of sternum
-insertion: lower external border and inner surface of ribs
-action: pull ribs to decrease volume of thorax

involved in expiration

48
Q

levator costalis muscle

A

-origin: transverse processes of vertebrae
-insertion: angle of inferior rib
-action: lift ribs to increase volume of thorax

involved in inspiration

49
Q

serratus posterior muscle - superior group

A

-origin: spinious process
-insertion:down and laterally to near angle of inferior rib (ribs 2-7)
-action: raise ribs

involved in inspiration

50
Q

muscles indirectly involved in breathing

A

sternocleidomastoid
scalene muscles

51
Q

sternocleidomastoid

A

-origin: mastoid process of temporal bone (anterior to sternum and superior to clavical)
-insertion: same as origin
-function: raise thorax and turn head downward or medially

52
Q

scalene muscles

A

-origin: transverse process of vertebrae
-insertion:downward to superior surface of ribs
-function: raise thorax and bend neck forward and to the side

53
Q

abdominal muscles

A

-external oblique
-internal oblique
-transverse abdominus
-rectus abdominus

action: compress contents of abdomen and pushes diaphragm up

54
Q

serratus posterior muscle - inferior group

A

-origin: spinious process
-insertion: up and laterally (ribs 8-12)
-action: lower ribs

involved in expiration

55
Q

external oblique

A

-origin: exterior surface and lower border of ribs
-insertion: downward and medially to iliac crest
-action: compress contents and push diaphragm up for expiration

56
Q

internal oblique

A

middle layer of abdominal muscles

-origin: iliac crest and inguinal ligament
-insertion: medially and upward to lower border of last 3 ribs (opposite of external oblique)
-action: compress contents and push diaphragm up

57
Q

transverse abdominus

A

deepest muscle of abdominal group

-origin:inner surface of ribs 6-12; lumbodorsal fascia, inguinal ligament, and anterior edge of iliac crest
-insertion: horizontally to deepest layer of abdominal aponuerosis
action: compress contents and push diaphragm up

58
Q

rectus abdominus

A

-origin: crest of pubic bone
-insertion: vertically to cartilage of ribs 5-7 and xiphoid process
-action:compress content and raise diaphragm

59
Q

linea alba

A

ligament xiphoid process—> pubic symphysis

60
Q

Lung capacities

A
61
Q

Lung volumes

A
62
Q

How is normal breathing different from speech breathing?

A

normal breathing: 50-50% inhalation and exhalation

speech breathing: 10% inhalation and 90% exhalation

63
Q

Rib attachments - anterior

A

7 attach at sternum
3 attach to sternum via cartilage
2 are floating

64
Q

spinal pathology - kypnosis

A

“hunchback”

curvature at top of spine

65
Q

spinal pathology - lordosis

A

“swayback”

curvatrue at bottom on spine

66
Q

spinal pathology - scoliosis

A

lateral curvature of the spine

67
Q
A
68
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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