exam 2 study guide Flashcards
respiration
process of gas exchange between organism and environment
articulation
process of speech organs forming sounds
phonation
sound source for speech sounds
resonance
shapes the vocal tract to give sounds unique characteristics
a cybernetic system is
automatic and self monitoring
Boyle’s Law
defines the physics of breathing
states that given a constant temp, pressure and volume are inversely related
inhalation vs inpiration
inhalation: bringing air into lungs
inspiration: bringing air into lungs for gas exchange
exhalation vs expiration
exhalation: air leaving lungs
expiration: carbon dioxide driven out of lungs
parts of nasal cavity
nares
chonchae
choana
What does the nasal cavity do to air?
filters
moistens
warms
trachea
windpipe below larynx
4-5 inches of 16-20 U shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
bronchi
2 branches that supply the lungs
branches into secondary and then tertiary bronchi
process of inhalation and exhalation
-thoracic cavity expands (diaphragm contracts), increasing the volume
-pressure in lungs decreases and it becomes negative compared to atmospheric pressure outside of lungs
-air rushes into lungs to equalize pressure
-diaphragm then relaxes, reducing volume of thoracic cavity
-pressure in lungs is now positive compared to atmospheric pressure
-air rushed out of lungs to equalize the pressure
corpus/body of vertebrae
main part/bulk of vertebra
pedicles of vertebrae
convex portion between spinous and transverse processes
articulate facet on inner surface
neural arch of vertebrae
same as vertebral foreman
where spinal cord passes through
spinous processes of vertebrae
extensions of vertebrae that you can see/feel
they keep shape of the spine
transverse processes of vertebrae
keep vertebrae in line
articulate facet of vertebrae
surface that co-articulates with adjacent vertebrae
how many cervical vertebrae
7
between head and thorax
how many thoracic vertebrae
12
how many lumbar vertebrae
5
how many special/ iliac vertebra
5
fused
special vertebrae
C1 and C2
Function of C1 vertebra
atlas
connects spinal column to head
Function of C2
axis
allows head to move and turn
damage to this vertebra would result in patient being unable to move head
intervertebral disks
between vertebral disks
made of fibrocartilage and joined to hyaline cartilage
vertebal joints
-amphiathrodial: some movement, but limited
-diathrodial: free movement
-synarthrodial: no movement
sternum
breastbone
parts:
manubrium (handle)
body
xiphoid
manubrium of sternum
handle
flat, multisided plate
articulates with rib 1
corpus of sternum
body
articulates with ribs 2-7
xiphoid of sternum
ensiphorm
attaches to inferior border of body sternum
how many ribs?
12 pairs of ribs
larger from 1-7 and then smaller
(barrel like shape)
the parts of the ribs?
head
neck
shaft
angle
coastalgroove
head of rib
attaches to vertebral column
neck of rib
narrow area
shaft of rib
where it comes to front
coastalgroove of rib
depressed area for blood and nervous tissue
angle of rib
where it turns to the midline
portions of pectoral girdles
clavicle: collar bone
scapula: shoulder bone
portions of pelvis girdles
-ilium: hip bones
-ischium: bone you sit one
-pubis: pubic bone
-acetabulum: attachment for femur (articulator for 3 bones)
-sacroiliac joint: attaches last vertebral girdle
-inguinal ligament: pubic symphusis —-> ilium
diaphragm
shallow inverted dome that divides thoracic and abdominal viscera
opening of diaphragm (hiatus)
aortic hiatus: blood opening
esophagus hiatus: food opening
foramen vena cava: blood- heart
diaphragm attachments
attached to lower border of ribcage and upper lumbar
attached to pericardium (membranous sac enclosing heart)
external intercostals
strongest set of muscles between ribs
slant down and forward
deficient ventrally (does not go around to sternum)
function: fixate thoracic wall and control distance between ribs
internal intercostals
deep to external muscles
slant down and backward
do not attach to vertebrae, but attaches to sternum
function: fixate thoracic walls and controls distance between ribs
muscles for breathing
external intercostal
internal intercostal
subcostals (intracostals)
transverse thoracis
lerator costalis
serratus posterior
subcostals muscle function
musculomembranous sheet that lines thorax and is lined with pleura
transverse thoracis muscle
-origin: inner surface of sternum
-insertion: lower external border and inner surface of ribs
-action: pull ribs to decrease volume of thorax
involved in expiration
levator costalis muscle
-origin: transverse processes of vertebrae
-insertion: angle of inferior rib
-action: lift ribs to increase volume of thorax
involved in inspiration
serratus posterior muscle - superior group
-origin: spinious process
-insertion:down and laterally to near angle of inferior rib (ribs 2-7)
-action: raise ribs
involved in inspiration
muscles indirectly involved in breathing
sternocleidomastoid
scalene muscles
sternocleidomastoid
-origin: mastoid process of temporal bone (anterior to sternum and superior to clavical)
-insertion: same as origin
-function: raise thorax and turn head downward or medially
scalene muscles
-origin: transverse process of vertebrae
-insertion:downward to superior surface of ribs
-function: raise thorax and bend neck forward and to the side
abdominal muscles
-external oblique
-internal oblique
-transverse abdominus
-rectus abdominus
action: compress contents of abdomen and pushes diaphragm up
serratus posterior muscle - inferior group
-origin: spinious process
-insertion: up and laterally (ribs 8-12)
-action: lower ribs
involved in expiration
external oblique
-origin: exterior surface and lower border of ribs
-insertion: downward and medially to iliac crest
-action: compress contents and push diaphragm up for expiration
internal oblique
middle layer of abdominal muscles
-origin: iliac crest and inguinal ligament
-insertion: medially and upward to lower border of last 3 ribs (opposite of external oblique)
-action: compress contents and push diaphragm up
transverse abdominus
deepest muscle of abdominal group
-origin:inner surface of ribs 6-12; lumbodorsal fascia, inguinal ligament, and anterior edge of iliac crest
-insertion: horizontally to deepest layer of abdominal aponuerosis
action: compress contents and push diaphragm up
rectus abdominus
-origin: crest of pubic bone
-insertion: vertically to cartilage of ribs 5-7 and xiphoid process
-action:compress content and raise diaphragm
linea alba
ligament xiphoid process—> pubic symphysis
Tidal Lung Volume
TV
volume of air inhaled and exhaled during 1 cycle (450cc)
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
IRV
max volume of air which can be inhaled after completion of normal inhalation (1500 cc)
Expiratory Reserve Volume
ERV
maximum volume of air which can be exhaled after a normal exhalation
Residual Volume
RV
volume of air that cannot be expelled after a maximum exhalation
Inspiratory capacity
IC
maximum volume of air that can be inhaled from a resting expiration level
Vital Capacity
VC
volume of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation
(everything - RV)
VC=IRV+TV+ERV
VC=IC+ERV
Total Lung Capacity
TLC
maximum volume of air that lungs can hold
equal to sum of all lung volumes
TLC=TV+IRV+ERV+RV
TLC=IC+REV+RV
How is normal breathing different from speech breathing?
normal breathing: 50-50% inhalation and exhalation
speech breathing: 10% inhalation and 90% exhalation
Rib attachments - anterior
7 attach at sternum
3 attach to sternum via cartilage
2 are floating
spinal pathology - kypnosis
“hunchback”
curvature at top of spine
spinal pathology - lordosis
“swayback”
curvatrue at bottom on spine
spinal pathology - scoliosis
lateral curvature of the spine
emphysema
found in older smokers
reduces vital capacity
black lung
results from breathing in coal dust
brown lung
results from breathing in asbestos
Cerebral Palsy, Parkinson’s, MS and MD
neurological conditions that affect breathing coordination and strength
positioning is important for breathing with patients with cerebral palsy
asthma
contraction of muscles which control diameter of respiratory tract
reduces air inhaled
Apnea
stopping of breathing at the end of normal expiration
Diaphragmatic respiration
uses diaphragm while thoracic
Thoracic respiration
involves thoracic cavity
Clavicular respiration
using up and down movement of clavicles
Characteristics of speech breathing
-rapid inhalation and prolonged exhalation
-occurs under voluntary control
mediastium
space between lungs, holds, heart, esophagus, and blood passages to lower body
lungs are elastic due to
1/3 of elasticity is due to tissue
2/3 of elasticity is due to alveoli (air filled bubbles that stretch and collapse)
surfactant
soap-like film that allows lungs to slide against thoracic wall
costal pleura
separates lungs from ribs laterally
mediastinal pleura
lining of mediastinum (medially)
visceral pleura
separates lungs from diaphragm (inferiorly)
characteristics of right lung
shorter due to liver
bigger in volume with three lobes
characteristics of left lung
has 2 lobed and volume is reduced to the heart
lung capacity by gender
males: 5000 cm^3
females: 4000 cm^3
