exam 1a ch 11 Flashcards
anatomy
study of structures and relations of their parts
physiology
study of the functions of organisms and their parts
anatomical variability
the more you study anatomy in different people, the more differences are found
differences do not always equal disorder
major landmarks of the brain
gyri/gyrus
sulci/silcrus
corpus callosum
cingulate gyrus
grey matter
white matter
gyri vs sulci
gyri-bump
sulci-groove
longitudinal fissure
separates two cerebral hemispheres
central sulcus (Fissure of Ronaldo)
located by two gyri on either side
precentral gyrus and post central gyrus
precentral gyrus
anterior to central sulcus
contains motor strip and motor homunculous
postcentral gyrus
posterior to central gyrus
contains sensory strip and homunculus
lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure)
separates frontal and temporal lobe
runs along side of the brain and in area important for speech an language
corpus callosum
white matter band of fibers that connects two hemispheres
cingulate gyrus
above corpus callosum
part of the limbic system
grey matter
covers surface of the brain
deep in center
consists of groups of cell bodies of neurons (somas)
basal ganglia
groups of cell bodies of neurons
lobes of the brain
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
frontal
includes:
-precentral gyrus and motor strip
-Broca’s area
-prefrontal
Broca’s Area
important for speech production
thought to extend to insular lobe due to correlation between Broca’s aphasia and apraxia of speech
possible that insula and Broca’s area coordinate speech
prefrontal cortex
separates humans from animals
integrates info
self monitors bx
decides plans and goals
prioritizes
precentral gyrus (motor strip)
regarding number of neurons
number of neurons determines complexity of movements (fine motor movement)
parietal lobe
includes:
-postcentral gyrus
-Brodmann’s area
-somatosensory association cortex
Brodmann’s Area
collection of cells that are numbered and associated with different functions in isolation and combination with another
Brodmann’s Area 1 and 3
located on sensory strip
thalamus carries sensory info from skin, muscles, and joints to somatosensory area
Brodmann’s Area 2 and 5
transition areas
what makes up the somatosensory association cortex
supramarginal gyrus
angular gyrus
supramarginal gyrus
encircles end of sylvian fissure
damage= agraphia (inability to write)
angular gyrus
extends around posterior end of superior temporal sulcus and posterior to supramarginal gyrus
important for word finding and reading
temporal lobe
purpose: auditory analysis
includes:
-primary auditory cortex (Heschl’s Gyrus)
-unimodal auditory association cortex (Wenicke’s Area)
primary auditory cortex (Heschl’s gyrus)
processes frequency, loudness, tones, and information
Brodmann’s Areas 41 and 42
unimodal auditory association cortex (Wernicke’s Area)
responsible for language comprehension
Brodmann’s Area 22
arcuate fasciculus
bundle of fibers from posterior temporal lobe to motor area in frontal lobe
connects Wenicke’s Area –> Broca’s Area
damage= conduction aphasia (inability to repeat words/phrases) and mild/moderate comprehension impairments
conduction aphasia
inability to repeat words, phrases, sentences
inferior temporal lobe
(heteromodal association area)
where sensory information comes together in multiple modalities
important for visual processing
damage=possible prosopagnosia (disorder of facial recognition)
occipital lobe
purpose:visual analysis
inclused:
-primary visual cortex
-visual association cortex
Brodmann’s Area 17
primary visual cortex
first stop in visual processing
Brodmann’s Area 18 and 19
association visual cortex
second stop in visual processing
secondary lobes
insular
limbic
insular lobe (Isle of Reil)
(insula)
to see- peel back Sylvian Fissure
deep in Broca’s Area, so thought to be important for speech
damage=apraxia and aphasia