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Anatomy and Physiology > exam 1a ch 11 > Flashcards

exam 1a ch 11 Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy

A

study of structures and relations of their parts

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2
Q

physiology

A

study of the functions of organisms and their parts

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3
Q

anatomical variability

A

the more you study anatomy in different people, the more differences are found

differences do not always equal disorder

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4
Q

major landmarks of the brain

A

gyri/gyrus
sulci/silcrus
corpus callosum
cingulate gyrus
grey matter
white matter

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5
Q

gyri vs sulci

A

gyri-bump
sulci-groove

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6
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

separates two cerebral hemispheres

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7
Q

central sulcus (Fissure of Ronaldo)

A

located by two gyri on either side

precentral gyrus and post central gyrus

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8
Q

precentral gyrus

A

anterior to central sulcus

contains motor strip and motor homunculous

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9
Q

postcentral gyrus

A

posterior to central gyrus

contains sensory strip and homunculus

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10
Q

lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure)

A

separates frontal and temporal lobe

runs along side of the brain and in area important for speech an language

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11
Q

corpus callosum

A

white matter band of fibers that connects two hemispheres

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12
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

above corpus callosum

part of the limbic system

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13
Q

grey matter

A

covers surface of the brain
deep in center

consists of groups of cell bodies of neurons (somas)

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14
Q

basal ganglia

A

groups of cell bodies of neurons

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15
Q

lobes of the brain

A

frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital

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16
Q

frontal

A

includes:
-precentral gyrus and motor strip
-Broca’s area
-prefrontal

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17
Q

Broca’s Area

A

important for speech production

thought to extend to insular lobe due to correlation between Broca’s aphasia and apraxia of speech

possible that insula and Broca’s area coordinate speech

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18
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

separates humans from animals

integrates info
self monitors bx
decides plans and goals
prioritizes

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19
Q

precentral gyrus (motor strip)
regarding number of neurons

A

number of neurons determines complexity of movements (fine motor movement)

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20
Q

parietal lobe

A

includes:
-postcentral gyrus
-Brodmann’s area
-somatosensory association cortex

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21
Q

Brodmann’s Area

A

collection of cells that are numbered and associated with different functions in isolation and combination with another

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22
Q

Brodmann’s Area 1 and 3

A

located on sensory strip

thalamus carries sensory info from skin, muscles, and joints to somatosensory area

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23
Q

Brodmann’s Area 2 and 5

A

transition areas

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24
Q

what makes up the somatosensory association cortex

A

supramarginal gyrus
angular gyrus

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25
Q

supramarginal gyrus

A

encircles end of sylvian fissure

damage= agraphia (inability to write)

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26
Q

angular gyrus

A

extends around posterior end of superior temporal sulcus and posterior to supramarginal gyrus

important for word finding and reading

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27
Q

temporal lobe

A

purpose: auditory analysis
includes:
-primary auditory cortex (Heschl’s Gyrus)
-unimodal auditory association cortex (Wenicke’s Area)

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28
Q

primary auditory cortex (Heschl’s gyrus)

A

processes frequency, loudness, tones, and information

Brodmann’s Areas 41 and 42

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29
Q

unimodal auditory association cortex (Wernicke’s Area)

A

responsible for language comprehension

Brodmann’s Area 22

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30
Q

arcuate fasciculus

A

bundle of fibers from posterior temporal lobe to motor area in frontal lobe

connects Wenicke’s Area –> Broca’s Area

damage= conduction aphasia (inability to repeat words/phrases) and mild/moderate comprehension impairments

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31
Q

conduction aphasia

A

inability to repeat words, phrases, sentences

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32
Q

inferior temporal lobe
(heteromodal association area)

A

where sensory information comes together in multiple modalities

important for visual processing

damage=possible prosopagnosia (disorder of facial recognition)

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33
Q

occipital lobe

A

purpose:visual analysis

inclused:
-primary visual cortex
-visual association cortex

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34
Q

Brodmann’s Area 17

A

primary visual cortex

first stop in visual processing

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35
Q

Brodmann’s Area 18 and 19

A

association visual cortex

second stop in visual processing

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36
Q

secondary lobes

A

insular
limbic

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37
Q

insular lobe (Isle of Reil)

A

(insula)
to see- peel back Sylvian Fissure

deep in Broca’s Area, so thought to be important for speech

damage=apraxia and aphasia

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38
Q

Limbic Lobe

A

medial brain structure

composed of cingulate gyrus which follows along superior to corpus callosum

responsible for primitive functions (fight or flight)

39
Q

Brainstem

A

extension of spinal cord up into the brain

all sensory and motor tracts pass through

40
Q

3 main parts of brain stem

A

midbrain
pons
medulla

41
Q

midbrain

A

corpus quadrigmina
narrow and contains tectum (roof)

4 areas of swelling: colliculi
inferior- auditory
superior-visual

42
Q

substantia nigria

A

sends dopamine making fibers
striatum

43
Q

tegmentum

A

contains all ascending and descending systems of the spinal cord and lower brain stem

44
Q

Pons

A

large, rounded structure connected to cerebellar hemispheres

latin for bridge (bridge to cerebellum)

45
Q

medulla oblongata

A

‘bulb’
rounded, large bulge; enlargement of spinal cord

contains tracts and nuclei of different nerves responsible for phonation, VP closure, swallowing, and articulation

contains superior olivary nucleus (important for audition)

46
Q

cerebellum

A

smaller compared to cerebral hemispheres (1/18th of the weight)

provides fine motor coordination
(coordinates rapid and precise movements during articulation)

48
Q

study of structures and relations of their parts

49
Q

study of the functions of organisms and their parts

A

physiology

50
Q

the more you study anatomy in different people, the more differences are found

differences do not always equal disorder

A

anatomical variability

51
Q

gyri/gyrus
sulci/silcrus
corpus callosum
cingulate gyrus
grey matter
white matter

A

major landmarks of the brain

52
Q

gyri-bump
sulci-groove

A

gyri vs sulci

53
Q

separates two cerebral hemispheres

A

longitudinal fissure

54
Q

located by two gyri on either side

precentral gyrus and post central gyrus

A

central sulcus (Fissure of Ronaldo)

55
Q

anterior to central sulcus

contains motor strip and motor homunculous

A

precentral gyrus

56
Q

posterior to central sulcus

contains sensory strip and homunculus

A

postcentral gyrus

57
Q

separates frontal and temporal lobe

runs along side of the brain and in area important for speech an language

A

lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure)

58
Q

white matter band of fibers that connects two hemispheres

A

corpus callosum

59
Q

above corpus callosum

part of the limbic system

A

cingulate gyrus

60
Q

covers surface of the brain
deep in center

consists of groups of cell bodies of neurons (somas)

A

grey matter

61
Q

groups of cell bodies of neurons

A

basal ganglia

62
Q

frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital

A

lobes of the brain

63
Q

includes:
-precentral gyrus and motor strip
-Broca’s area
-prefrontal

64
Q

important for speech production

thought to extend to insular lobe due to correlation between Broca’s aphasia and apraxia of speech

possible that insula and Broca’s area coordinate speech

A

Broca’s Area

65
Q

separates humans from animals

integrates info
self monitors bx
decides plans and goals
prioritizes

A

prefrontal cortex

66
Q

number of neurons determines complexity of movements (fine motor movement)

A

precentral gyrus (motor strip)
regarding number of neurons

67
Q

includes:
-postcentral gyrus
-Brodmann’s area
-somatosensory association cortex

A

parietal lobe

68
Q

collection of cells that are numbered and associated with different functions in isolation and combination with another

A

Brodmann’s Area

69
Q

located on sensory strip

thalamus carries sensory info from skin, muscles, and joints to somatosensory area

A

Brodmann’s Area 1 and 3

70
Q

transition areas

A

Brodmann’s Area 2 and 5

71
Q

supramarginal gyrus
angular gyrus

A

what makes up the somatosensory association cortex

72
Q

encircles end of sylvian fissure

damage= agraphia (inability to write)

A

supramarginal gyrus

73
Q

extends around posterior end of superior temporal sulcus and posterior to supramarginal gyrus

important for word finding and reading

A

angular gyrus

74
Q

purpose: auditory analysis
includes:
-primary auditory cortex (Heschl’s Gyrus)
-unimodal auditory association cortex (Wenicke’s Area)

A

temporal lobe

75
Q

processes frequency, loudness, tones, and information

Brodmann’s Areas 41 and 42

A

primary auditory cortex (Heschl’s gyrus)

76
Q

responsible for language comprehension

Brodmann’s Area 22

A

unimodal auditory association cortex (Wernicke’s Area)

77
Q

bundle of fibers from posterior temporal lobe to motor area in frontal lobe

connects Wenicke’s Area –> Broca’s Area

damage= conduction aphasia (inability to repeat words/phrases) and mild/moderate comprehension impairments

A

arcuate fasciculus

78
Q

inability to repeat words, phrases, sentences

A

conduction aphasia

79
Q

where sensory information comes together in multiple modalities

important for visual processing

damage=possible prosopagnosia (disorder of facial recognition)

A

inferior temporal lobe
(heteromodal association area)

80
Q

purpose:visual analysis

inclused:
-primary visual cortex
-visual association cortex

A

occipital lobe

81
Q

primary visual cortex

first stop in visual processing

A

Brodmann’s Area 17

82
Q

association visual cortex

second stop in visual processing

A

Brodmann’s Area 18 and 19

83
Q

insular
limbic

A

secondary lobes

84
Q

(insula)
to see- peel back Sylvian Fissure

deep in Broca’s Area, so thought to be important for speech

damage=apraxia and aphasia

A

insular lobe (Isle of Reil)

85
Q

medial brain structure

composed of cingulate gyrus which follows along superior to corpus callosum

responsible for primitive functions (fight or flight)

A

Limbic Lobe

86
Q

extension of spinal cord up into the brain

all sensory and motor tracts pass through

87
Q

midbrain
pons
medulla

A

3 main parts of brain stem

88
Q

corpus quadrigmina
narrow and contains tectum (roof)

4 areas of swelling: colliculi
inferior- auditory
superior-visual

89
Q

sends dopamine making fibers
striatum

A

substantia nigria

90
Q

contains all ascending and descending systems of the spinal cord and lower brain stem

91
Q

large, rounded structure connected to cerebellar hemispheres

latin for bridge (bridge to cerebellum)

92
Q

‘bulb’
rounded, large bulge; enlargement of spinal cord

contains tracts and nuclei of different nerves responsible for phonation, VP closure, swallowing, and articulation

contains superior olivary nucleus (important for audition)

A

medulla oblongata

93
Q

smaller compared to cerebral hemispheres (1/18th of the weight)

provides fine motor coordination
(coordinates rapid and precise movements during articulation)

A

cerebellum

Anatomy and Physiology (9 decks)

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