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Anatomy and Physiology > exam 1b > Flashcards

exam 1b Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of a neuron

A

axon, myelin sheath, button terminals, Nodes of Ranvier, dendrites, nucleus, and cell body (soma)

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2
Q

Soma

A

cell body

metabolic center of the neuron

contains:
nucleus of the cell
neurotransmitter-synthesizing mechanisms
energy producing and storing structures

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3
Q

dendrites

A

input unit

branchlike extensions that receive information from other neurons

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4
Q

axon

A

output unit

extends from cell bodied to target cells and transmits information to other cells

vary from 1 meter to a few centimeters

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5
Q

axon hillock

A

small bump between axon and cell body where axon originates

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6
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

myelinates axons in the central nervous system

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7
Q

Schwann cells

A

myelinates axons in the peripheral nervous system

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8
Q

Pre-synaptic terminals

A

fingerlike projections at the end of axon

belongs to the neuron transmitting information

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9
Q

Post-synaptic terminal

A

area on dendrite, cell body, or axon which receives the signal transmitted from pre-synaptic terminal

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10
Q

synaptic cleft

A

space between two terminals

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11
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical compounds that transfer information about its activity

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12
Q

what is the only direction information can be transferred in?

A

pre-synaptic terminal to post-synaptic terminal

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13
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

spaces in the myelin sheath not covered by a fatty substance

important for saltatory conduction and aid in speed of signal transmission

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14
Q

How do Nodes and Ranvier aid in speed?

A

signal jumps over myelinated areas like leapfrog rather than flowing down length of axon

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15
Q

Action potential

A

ALL or NONE Principle: either the stimulus is strong enough or not to result in action potential

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16
Q

Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potential

A

EPSP

positive charges that cause the next neuron to move towards the action potential

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17
Q

Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential

A

IPSP

negative charges that cause next neuron to move away from action potential

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18
Q

Absolute Refractory period

A

period immediately following an action potential during which a neuron cannot fire another action potential, regardless of stimulus strength

time of firing levels to 1/3 of the way through repolarizing

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19
Q

Relative Refractory Period

A

period following an action potential during which a neuron can fire an action potential, but requires a stronger stimulus than usual

last 2/3 of rest of the potential

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20
Q

Temporal Summation

A

positive charges building up over time, resulting in an action potential

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21
Q

Spatial Summation

A

occurs when positive charges keep coming in over and over

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22
Q

Describe an action potential

A

-Resting potential: -60 mV
-Stimulus causes cell to reduce negativity (move in positive direction) to -50 or -45 mV
-At the threshold for a cell to fire (-50), receptor proteins open and sodium rushes in (sodium is positively charged) DEPOLARIZATION
-Depolarization continues until cell crosses 0
-At peak (35 to 40 mV) cell pumps out potassium and begins to move in a negative direction REPOLARIZATION

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23
Q

hyperpolarization

A

state in which it is hard for a cell to fire

results in absolute refractory and relative refractory periods

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24
Q

consequences of positive and negative charges

A

positive charges cause resting potential to increase and can cause action potential

negative charges cause resting potential to decrease and do nothing regarding action potentials

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25
Q

relationship between strength of stimulus and latency

A

stronger stimulus - shorter latency

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26
Q

sensory nervous system

A

vision
hearing
touch
smell

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27
Q

measuring sensitivity in sensory nervous system

A

level of sensitivity is based on how many nerve fibers are affected

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28
Q

motor nervous system

A

causes muscles to assume various degrees of contraction

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29
Q

ration of nerve and muscle best for fine motor movement (innervation ratio)

A

low nerve to muscle ratio

1 to 1 is better than 1 to 100

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30
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges?

A

Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater

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31
Q

Dura Mater

A

outermost layer, thick and non elastic
made of two united layers

has two folds of tissue that protect brain from displacement:
falx cerebri
ternorium cerebelli

32
Q

subdural space

A

space below dura filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

33
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

inferior to subdural space

bridges the sulci and projects into venous sinuses to form arachnoid villi- important for uptake of CSF into bloodstream

34
Q

subarachnoid space

A

below arachnoid mater and filled with CSF

important because all cerebral arteries, veins, and cranial nerves pass through this space

35
Q

Pia Mater

A

closely adheres to surface of the brain (cannot be removed without destroying cerebral cortex)

bridges gyri and extends down to sulci

36
Q

What are the ventricles?

A

Lateral Ventricles
Third Ventricle
Fourth Ventricle

37
Q

Lateral Ventricles

A

paired structures, but considered as one

C-shaped

choroid plexus located on medial aspect

38
Q

Name and locations of the division of the Lateral Ventricle

A

Body: parietal lobe
Anterior horn: frontal lobe
Posterior horn: occipital lobe
inferior horn: temporal lobe

39
Q

Third Ventricle

A

located between thalamis

small slit that is connected to lateral ventricle by foramen of Munro and to fourth ventricle by aqueduct of Sylvius

chiroid plexus located on roof of ventricle

40
Q

Fourth Ventricle

A

anterior to cerebellum and posterior to pons & upper half of medulla

continuous with cerebral aqueduct and central canal

chiroid plexus is T shaped

41
Q

Four parts of Fourth ventricle

A

roof
walls (2)
floor

42
Q

Major foreamen of Fourth ventricle

A

lateral formina of Luschka
foreamen of Magendie

empties CSF into subarachnoid space

43
Q

Major function of ventricles

A

To provide circulation of CSF

buildup of CSF- hydrocephalus

44
Q

ependyma

A

membrane that lines the ventricles to form chiroid plexus - produces CSF

45
Q

Cerebral spinal fluid

A

colorless fluid that protects brain and spinal cords by separating them from bones

functions:
protection
provide nourishment to nervous tissue
regulate intracranial pressure

pressure can be measured for diagnostic purposes

46
Q

Divisions of the Brain

A

Hindbrain
Midbrain
Forebrain

47
Q

Hindbrain

A

Rhombencephalon

lowest level of the brain

two subdivisions:
Afterbrain
Marrowbrain

48
Q

Afterbrain

A

Metencephalon

Subdivision of Hindbrain

includes pons and cerebellum

49
Q

Marrowbrain

A

Myelencephalon

subdivision of Hindbrain

consists of medulla oblongota

50
Q

Medulla

A

smallest part of the brain

location where some cranial nerves enter and exit
attaches to spinal cords in higher areas

51
Q

Midbrain

A

Mesencephalon

consists only of midbrain

highest part of brainSTEM with some connections leaving midbrain

52
Q

Forebrain

A

Prosencephalon

highest part of the brain

consists of endbrain and interbrain

53
Q

Endbrain

A

Telencephalon

made of cerebral hemispheres and basal ganglia (crucial for motor control and higher cognitive function)

54
Q

Interbrain

A

Diencephalon

consists of thalamus and hypothalamus

55
Q

thalamus

A

first stop for all sensory information (besides olfaction)and first area with connections to arousal

56
Q

hypothalamus

A

important for basic functions (body temp. and hunger)

regulates sensation

57
Q

Major arteries of the brain

A

vertebral
internal carotid
communicating

58
Q

Vertebral arteries

A

form basilar artery at base of pons which splits to form posterior cerebral arteries - supply posterior temporal lobe and occipital lobe

59
Q

Internal Carotid Arteries

A

anterior cerebral artery: supplies medial aspects
middle cerebral artery: supplies lateral aspects

60
Q

communicating arteries

A

important incase of blockages

posterior: attaches front and back arteries
anterior: attaches left and right arteries

61
Q

Circle of Willis

A

system of arteries

defense mechanism to provide blood flow is blockage occurs

62
Q

Cranial nerves

A

12 pairs (24 total)

63
Q

Cranial nerve I

A

Olfactory

sensory

smell

64
Q

Cranial nerve II

A

Optic

sensory

sight

65
Q

Cranial nerve III

A

Oculomotor

motor

eye movement

66
Q

Cranial nerve IV

A

trochlear

motor

movement for 1 eye muscle

67
Q

Cranial nerve V

A

trigeminal

both sensory and motor

S: face and mouth
M: chewing and soft palate

68
Q

Cranial nerve VI

A

abducens

motor

moving eyes outward

69
Q

Cranial nerve VII

A

facial

both sensory and motor

S: tongue and outer ear
M: facial expression

70
Q

Cranial nerve VIII

A

auditory/vestibular

sensory

hearing and balance

71
Q

Cranial nerve IX

A

glossopharyngeal

both sensory and motor

S: tongue and tympanic membrane
M: sylophayngous - important for swallowing and speech)

72
Q

Cranial nerve X

A

vagus

both sensory and motor

S: lower pharynx and inner larynx
M: pharynx and larynx muscles

73
Q

Cranial nerve XI

A

spinal accessory

motor

soft palate, larynx, and neck muscles

74
Q

Cranial nerve XII

A

hypoglossal

motor

tongue movement/tongue control

75
Q

plasticity

A

ability to rebound after brain damage

decreases with age

76
Q

theory of equipotentiality

A

any neural tissue can subserve any function (can process any type of information within reason)

Anatomy and Physiology (6 decks)

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