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Anatomy 1 - BI214A > EXAM 3 - select things to study > Flashcards

EXAM 3 - select things to study Flashcards

1
Q

Joint Flexibility (aka Range of Motion = ROM) may also be affected by:

1) Shape/structure of __________ bones
2) Flexibility of _______ (bone-to-bone)
3) Tension/Arrangement of muscles & ______ (muscle-to-bone)
4) Contact of ____ parts, which likely decreases range of motion
5) _________ (e.g relaxin softens pelvis joints when pregnancy / childbirth)
6) Disuse - The ____ you use it, the ____ it wears

A

1) Articulating. The tighter they are together, the less motion you’re going to have
2) Ligaments
3) Tendons. Parallell, circular, etc
4) Soft
5) Hormones
6) less, less

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2
Q

The Articular Disc in the knee, aka ________; is made of ________ pads and located between the articulating bones.

A

Meniscus

Fibrocatilage

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3
Q

Bursae (sac-like) - between skin & ____, tendons & ____, muscle & ____, ligaments & ____;

A

bones (all)

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4
Q

Fibrous joint do not have a synovial cavity and are made of _____ Connective Tissue.

A

Dense

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5
Q

Syndesmosis - distal articulation between ____ & _____; and is ______ (not, slightly, very) movable

A

Tibia, Fibula

Slightly

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6
Q

What do you call the:

Sheet of fibrous tissue binding two neighboring bones together; (slightly moveable); between radius & ulna and tibia & fibula

A

Interosseous membrane

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7
Q

Cartilaginous Joints are a tight articulation, made of either ______ cartilage or ____cartilage)

A

hyaline, fibrocartilage

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8
Q

Hyaline cartilage connecting material epiphyseal (growth) plate between epiphysis and diaphysis; (immovable) becomes ossified is called the Syn________

A

Synchondrosis

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9
Q

What joint is the hyaline + fibrocartilage connecting material occurs at intervertebral joints; (slightly movable)

A

Symphysis

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10
Q

Synovial joint are made of ____ connective tissue

A

Dense

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11
Q

A common example of a diarthrosis joint is a _______ joint

A

Synovial joint

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12
Q

Name each

A

A - Hinge

B - Condyloid (elipical movements)

C - Saddle

D - Plane

E - Condyloid

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13
Q

Motion results from muscle ___________ & relaxation

A

contraction

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14
Q

Myology is ______

A

Study of muscles

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15
Q

what muscle type is this?

A

Cardiac Muscle

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16
Q

what muscle type is this

A

Skeletal muscle

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17
Q

what muscle type is this

A

smooth

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18
Q

Smooth Muscle Tissue Appearance:

  • (Elongated or Tapered)
  • (Multinucleated or uninucleated)
  • (Striated or Non-striated)
A

Tapered

Uninucleated

Non-striated

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19
Q

Cardiac Muscle Tissue Appearance:

  • (Elongated or Tapered)
  • (Multinucleated or uninucleated)
  • (Striated or Non-striated)
  • (Branched or unbranched)
A

Elongated

Uninucleated

Striated

Branched

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20
Q

Skeletal Muscle Tissue Appearance:

  • (Elongated or Tapered)
  • (Multinucleated or uninucleated)
  • (Striated or Non-striated)
  • (Branched or unbranched)
A

Elongated

Multinucleated

Striated

Unbranched

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21
Q

Which type of muscle tissue has intercalated discs w/ Gap junctions?

A

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

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22
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the muscle system, and which types of muscle tissue contribute to each?

A
  1. Produces body movements e.g. running, walking, etc. (skeletal muscles)
  2. Stabilizes body positions e.g. sitting & standing (skeletal)
  3. Stores & moves substances within the body e.g. sphincters open/close to regulate contents in stomach and urinary bladder (smooth) e.g. heart pumps blood, moves food thru GI tract, aids in returning blood to heart (cardiac, smooth, skeletal)
  4. Produces heat (thermogenesis) e.g. shivering (skeletal)
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23
Q

Thermogenesis is a fancy word for when your body _________ via the help of your skeletal muscle tissue

A

Produces heat

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24
Q

Specifically, which muscle tissue type allow your sphincters to open/close to regulate contents in stomach and urinary bladder

A

Smooth

25
Q

Which muscle tissue types enable:

Heart pumps blood, moves food thru GI tract, aids in returning blood to heart

A

All 3: skeletal, cardic, and smooth

26
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of Muscle Tissue? Explain each.

A
  1. Excitable (e.g. muscle & nerve cells) – responds to stimuli via action potentials (electrical impulses)
  2. Contractible – (usually) shorten in length when stimulated
  3. Extensible – can stretch
  4. Elastic – returns to shape after contraction
27
Q

Skeletal Muscles are made up of bundles of muscle fibers called ______.

The muscle fibers contain _____, which is a basic rod-like unit of a muscle cell.

Within these^, are the thick and thin fillaments called the _____ and ______. Which is thick vs thin?

A

Fascicles

Myofybrils

Action (thin) , Myosin (thick)

28
Q

Why are mitochondrian a common and important part of Skeletal muscle?

A

They produce ATP, which is required for muscle contraction

29
Q

Nerves stimulate muscle to contract via electric impulses called _____

A

action potentials

30
Q

An action potential is carried out by a _______

A

somatic motor neuron

31
Q

In nerves, the Sensory Neurons Input heads down a ______ (afferent or efferent) pathway (aka the ______ (stimulus or response)

to reach the ___________.

Then, it heads down a ______ (afferent or efferent) pathway

(aka the ______ (stimulus or response)

to reach the Motor Neurons Output.

A

Stimulus, Afferent

CNS Control Center

Efferent, Response

32
Q

Troponin and Tropomyosin are protiens associated with _________, which is one of two _________.

These protiens prevent _______ from binding.

Of those 2 protiens which one holds which one in place?

A

Actin, a myofillaments (the other is myosin)

Myosin

Troponin holds Tropomyosin in place.

33
Q

A structual and functional unit of muscle is called what?

A

Sarcomere, meaning its the smallest unit of a muscle that can perfom all functions of a muscle.

34
Q

____ – separates sarcomeres

____ - (light band – thin filaments ONLY)

____ - (dark band – thick filaments)

____ - area with ONLY thick filaments

____ - middle of H zone; holds thick filaments together

A
35
Q

Components of Motor Unit:

_________________________ – collectively the single motor neuron and all muscle fibers it stimulates

A

Motor Unit

36
Q

Components of Motor Unit:

_________________________ - generates action potential to stimulate skeletal muscle fibers to contract

A

Somatic Motor Neuron

37
Q

Components of Motor Unit:

_________________________ – end of axon that branches; comes into close proximity to muscle fiber

A

Axon Terminal

38
Q

Components of Motor Unit:

_________________________ – area of sarcolemma where axon terminal is closest; has neurotransmitter receptors

A

Motor End Plate

39
Q

Components of Motor Unit:

_________________________ – gap between axon (neuron) and sarcolemma (muscle fiber)

A

Synaptic Cleft

40
Q

Components of Motor Unit:

_________________________ – releases neurotransmitter (e.g. acetylcholine) that is stored in vesicles

A

Synaptic Bulbs

41
Q

Components of Motor Unit:

_________________________ – synapse between motor neuron & motor end plate of muscle fiber

A

Neuromuscular Junction

42
Q

3 main functions of ATP in muscle contraction?

A

1) Hydrolized by myosin to become energized and bind to the actin in the first place.
2) ATP has to come back in and bind to the myosin so that it can detach
3) ATP has to come in and actively transport any leftover calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum so that the Troponin/Tropomyosin complex can move back into place and the muscle can relax

43
Q

The ______________ reticulum stores/releases Ca++ (calcium)

Calcium is _________ (stored / released) upon relaxation, and _________ (stored / released upon contraction).

A

sarcoplasmic

Stored, released

44
Q

Transverse (T) tubules invaginations of sarcolemma; allows for____ (fast / mild / slow) response.

A

fast

45
Q

The ________ binds to thin filamentous actin, and uses ATP hydrolysis to generate force and “walk” along the thin filament.

A

myosin head

46
Q

______ - “thin” filaments that have binding site for myosin head ( + troponin and tropomyosin)

A

Actin

47
Q

Read this a few times:

Importance of Calcium Ions. Ca2+ ions play an important role in muscle contraction by creating interactions between the proteins, myosin and actin. The Ca2+ ions bind to the C component of the actin filament, which exposes the binding site for the myosin head to bind to in order to stimulate a muscle contraction.

A

do it

48
Q

Generation of ATP for Muscles:

What is the “charged up” molecule with stored energy?

This molecule & ATP store enough chemical energy to last for about __ seconds (even without excess ATP)

Excess ____ is used to generate this molecule

A

Creatine phosphate

15

ATP

49
Q

Generation of ATP for Muscles:

___ is an anaerobic process; generates 2 ATPs from 1 molecule of glucose; Allows for quick burst of energy for a short period of time.

If no oxygen present – _______ is generated from pyruvic acid (end product of glycolysis)

A

Glycolysis

lactic acid

50
Q

Generation of ATP for Muscles:

________ cellular respiration generates about 36 ATPs from 1 molecule of glucose (includes glycolysis)

_______ required for complete breakdown of glucose to CO2 & H2O

Occurs in ________

A

Aerobic (meaning “with oxygen”)

Oxygen

mitochondria (anarobic occurs in the carcoplasym)

51
Q

What does Myoglobin bind?

A

Oxygen

52
Q

Lactic acid builds up due to ________ resparation and lack of ________.

A

anaerobic resparation and lack of oxygen

53
Q

Control of Muscle Tension:

1) ____________ - brief contraction of all muscle fibers in a motor unit due to a single action potential
2) _____________ - stimuli arriving at different times cause larger contractions
3) _____________ - sustained by wavering contraction
4) _____________ - sustained contraction

A

1) Single twitch
2) Wave sumation
3) Unfused Tetanus
4) Fused Tetanus

54
Q

Twitch Contractions: (Refractory period, relaxation period, latent period, or contraction period)

_________ is the shortening of sarcomeres Ca++ allows myosin heads to attach to actin Results in power-stroke of myosin heads Shortening of sarcomere

A

Contraction period

55
Q

Twitch Contractions: (Refractory period, relaxation period, latent period, or contraction period)

______ is the time between stimulus (AP) and start of contraction Ca++ being released into sarcoplasm from sarcoplasmic reticulum Myosin heads start attaching to actin filaments

A

Latent period

56
Q

Twitch Contractions: (Refractory period, relaxation period, latent period, or contraction period)

Ca++ being pumped back into sarcoplasmic reticulum Myosin heads detach Lengthening of sarcomere Relative

A

Relaxation period

57
Q

Twitch Contractions: (Refractory period, relaxation period, latent period, or contraction period)

Time the muscle and nerve cells cannot respond o Temporary loss of excitability o Muscle responds to first stimulus but not to second o Refractory period varies on type of muscle (skeletal short /cardiac longer period)

A

Refractory period

58
Q
A

Anatomy 1 - BI214A (16 decks)

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