EXAM 3 - select things to study Flashcards
Joint Flexibility (aka Range of Motion = ROM) may also be affected by:
1) Shape/structure of __________ bones
2) Flexibility of _______ (bone-to-bone)
3) Tension/Arrangement of muscles & ______ (muscle-to-bone)
4) Contact of ____ parts, which likely decreases range of motion
5) _________ (e.g relaxin softens pelvis joints when pregnancy / childbirth)
6) Disuse - The ____ you use it, the ____ it wears
1) Articulating. The tighter they are together, the less motion you’re going to have
2) Ligaments
3) Tendons. Parallell, circular, etc
4) Soft
5) Hormones
6) less, less
The Articular Disc in the knee, aka ________; is made of ________ pads and located between the articulating bones.
Meniscus
Fibrocatilage
Bursae (sac-like) - between skin & ____, tendons & ____, muscle & ____, ligaments & ____;
bones (all)
Fibrous joint do not have a synovial cavity and are made of _____ Connective Tissue.
Dense
Syndesmosis - distal articulation between ____ & _____; and is ______ (not, slightly, very) movable
Tibia, Fibula
Slightly
What do you call the:
Sheet of fibrous tissue binding two neighboring bones together; (slightly moveable); between radius & ulna and tibia & fibula
Interosseous membrane
Cartilaginous Joints are a tight articulation, made of either ______ cartilage or ____cartilage)
hyaline, fibrocartilage
Hyaline cartilage connecting material epiphyseal (growth) plate between epiphysis and diaphysis; (immovable) becomes ossified is called the Syn________
Synchondrosis
What joint is the hyaline + fibrocartilage connecting material occurs at intervertebral joints; (slightly movable)
Symphysis
Synovial joint are made of ____ connective tissue
Dense
A common example of a diarthrosis joint is a _______ joint
Synovial joint
Name each
A - Hinge
B - Condyloid (elipical movements)
C - Saddle
D - Plane
E - Condyloid
Motion results from muscle ___________ & relaxation
contraction
Myology is ______
Study of muscles
what muscle type is this?
Cardiac Muscle
what muscle type is this
Skeletal muscle
what muscle type is this
smooth
Smooth Muscle Tissue Appearance:
- (Elongated or Tapered)
- (Multinucleated or uninucleated)
- (Striated or Non-striated)
Tapered
Uninucleated
Non-striated
Cardiac Muscle Tissue Appearance:
- (Elongated or Tapered)
- (Multinucleated or uninucleated)
- (Striated or Non-striated)
- (Branched or unbranched)
Elongated
Uninucleated
Striated
Branched
Skeletal Muscle Tissue Appearance:
- (Elongated or Tapered)
- (Multinucleated or uninucleated)
- (Striated or Non-striated)
- (Branched or unbranched)
Elongated
Multinucleated
Striated
Unbranched
Which type of muscle tissue has intercalated discs w/ Gap junctions?
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
What are the 4 main functions of the muscle system, and which types of muscle tissue contribute to each?
- Produces body movements e.g. running, walking, etc. (skeletal muscles)
- Stabilizes body positions e.g. sitting & standing (skeletal)
- Stores & moves substances within the body e.g. sphincters open/close to regulate contents in stomach and urinary bladder (smooth) e.g. heart pumps blood, moves food thru GI tract, aids in returning blood to heart (cardiac, smooth, skeletal)
- Produces heat (thermogenesis) e.g. shivering (skeletal)
Thermogenesis is a fancy word for when your body _________ via the help of your skeletal muscle tissue
Produces heat
Specifically, which muscle tissue type allow your sphincters to open/close to regulate contents in stomach and urinary bladder
Smooth
Which muscle tissue types enable:
Heart pumps blood, moves food thru GI tract, aids in returning blood to heart
All 3: skeletal, cardic, and smooth
What are the 4 characteristics of Muscle Tissue? Explain each.
- Excitable (e.g. muscle & nerve cells) – responds to stimuli via action potentials (electrical impulses)
- Contractible – (usually) shorten in length when stimulated
- Extensible – can stretch
- Elastic – returns to shape after contraction
Skeletal Muscles are made up of bundles of muscle fibers called ______.
The muscle fibers contain _____, which is a basic rod-like unit of a muscle cell.
Within these^, are the thick and thin fillaments called the _____ and ______. Which is thick vs thin?
Fascicles
Myofybrils
Action (thin) , Myosin (thick)
Why are mitochondrian a common and important part of Skeletal muscle?
They produce ATP, which is required for muscle contraction
Nerves stimulate muscle to contract via electric impulses called _____
action potentials
An action potential is carried out by a _______
somatic motor neuron
In nerves, the Sensory Neurons Input heads down a ______ (afferent or efferent) pathway (aka the ______ (stimulus or response)
to reach the ___________.
Then, it heads down a ______ (afferent or efferent) pathway
(aka the ______ (stimulus or response)
to reach the Motor Neurons Output.
Stimulus, Afferent
CNS Control Center
Efferent, Response
Troponin and Tropomyosin are protiens associated with _________, which is one of two _________.
These protiens prevent _______ from binding.
Of those 2 protiens which one holds which one in place?
Actin, a myofillaments (the other is myosin)
Myosin
Troponin holds Tropomyosin in place.
A structual and functional unit of muscle is called what?
Sarcomere, meaning its the smallest unit of a muscle that can perfom all functions of a muscle.
____ – separates sarcomeres
____ - (light band – thin filaments ONLY)
____ - (dark band – thick filaments)
____ - area with ONLY thick filaments
____ - middle of H zone; holds thick filaments together
Components of Motor Unit:
_________________________ – collectively the single motor neuron and all muscle fibers it stimulates
Motor Unit
Components of Motor Unit:
_________________________ - generates action potential to stimulate skeletal muscle fibers to contract
Somatic Motor Neuron
Components of Motor Unit:
_________________________ – end of axon that branches; comes into close proximity to muscle fiber
Axon Terminal
Components of Motor Unit:
_________________________ – area of sarcolemma where axon terminal is closest; has neurotransmitter receptors
Motor End Plate
Components of Motor Unit:
_________________________ – gap between axon (neuron) and sarcolemma (muscle fiber)
Synaptic Cleft
Components of Motor Unit:
_________________________ – releases neurotransmitter (e.g. acetylcholine) that is stored in vesicles
Synaptic Bulbs
Components of Motor Unit:
_________________________ – synapse between motor neuron & motor end plate of muscle fiber
Neuromuscular Junction
3 main functions of ATP in muscle contraction?
1) Hydrolized by myosin to become energized and bind to the actin in the first place.
2) ATP has to come back in and bind to the myosin so that it can detach
3) ATP has to come in and actively transport any leftover calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum so that the Troponin/Tropomyosin complex can move back into place and the muscle can relax
The ______________ reticulum stores/releases Ca++ (calcium)
Calcium is _________ (stored / released) upon relaxation, and _________ (stored / released upon contraction).
sarcoplasmic
Stored, released
Transverse (T) tubules invaginations of sarcolemma; allows for____ (fast / mild / slow) response.
fast
The ________ binds to thin filamentous actin, and uses ATP hydrolysis to generate force and “walk” along the thin filament.
myosin head
______ - “thin” filaments that have binding site for myosin head ( + troponin and tropomyosin)
Actin
Read this a few times:
Importance of Calcium Ions. Ca2+ ions play an important role in muscle contraction by creating interactions between the proteins, myosin and actin. The Ca2+ ions bind to the C component of the actin filament, which exposes the binding site for the myosin head to bind to in order to stimulate a muscle contraction.
do it
Generation of ATP for Muscles:
What is the “charged up” molecule with stored energy?
This molecule & ATP store enough chemical energy to last for about __ seconds (even without excess ATP)
Excess ____ is used to generate this molecule
Creatine phosphate
15
ATP
Generation of ATP for Muscles:
___ is an anaerobic process; generates 2 ATPs from 1 molecule of glucose; Allows for quick burst of energy for a short period of time.
If no oxygen present – _______ is generated from pyruvic acid (end product of glycolysis)
Glycolysis
lactic acid
Generation of ATP for Muscles:
________ cellular respiration generates about 36 ATPs from 1 molecule of glucose (includes glycolysis)
_______ required for complete breakdown of glucose to CO2 & H2O
Occurs in ________
Aerobic (meaning “with oxygen”)
Oxygen
mitochondria (anarobic occurs in the carcoplasym)
What does Myoglobin bind?
Oxygen
Lactic acid builds up due to ________ resparation and lack of ________.
anaerobic resparation and lack of oxygen
Control of Muscle Tension:
1) ____________ - brief contraction of all muscle fibers in a motor unit due to a single action potential
2) _____________ - stimuli arriving at different times cause larger contractions
3) _____________ - sustained by wavering contraction
4) _____________ - sustained contraction
1) Single twitch
2) Wave sumation
3) Unfused Tetanus
4) Fused Tetanus
Twitch Contractions: (Refractory period, relaxation period, latent period, or contraction period)
_________ is the shortening of sarcomeres Ca++ allows myosin heads to attach to actin Results in power-stroke of myosin heads Shortening of sarcomere
Contraction period
Twitch Contractions: (Refractory period, relaxation period, latent period, or contraction period)
______ is the time between stimulus (AP) and start of contraction Ca++ being released into sarcoplasm from sarcoplasmic reticulum Myosin heads start attaching to actin filaments
Latent period
Twitch Contractions: (Refractory period, relaxation period, latent period, or contraction period)
Ca++ being pumped back into sarcoplasmic reticulum Myosin heads detach Lengthening of sarcomere Relative
Relaxation period
Twitch Contractions: (Refractory period, relaxation period, latent period, or contraction period)
Time the muscle and nerve cells cannot respond o Temporary loss of excitability o Muscle responds to first stimulus but not to second o Refractory period varies on type of muscle (skeletal short /cardiac longer period)
Refractory period
