Exam #1 Chapter 2 Flashcards
___________ is the number of protons, and therefore also the total positive charge, in the atomic nucleus.
Atomic number
______ is the energy of MOTION (seen in waves, electrons, atoms, molecules, substances, and objects.)
Kinetic energy
_____ is the energy held by an object because of its position relative to other objects, stresses within itself, its electric charge, or other factors.
Potential energy
_____ is the potential of a chemical substance to undergo a transformation through a chemical reaction to transform other chemical substances.
Chemical energy
The 4 major elements that make up the human body are….
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen
Atoms consist of three basic particles: ____, ____, ____
protons, electrons, neutrons
____ is a basic particle of an atom and is found in shells or orbitals that surround the nucleus of an atom.
Negatively charged!
electron
____ is a basic particle of an atom that’s positively charged and forms part of the nucleus of an atom. It’s used to determine atomic number of an element. It weighs 1 amu.
Positively charged!
proton
What is a subatomic particle forming part of the nucleus of an atom. It has no charge. It is equal in mass to a proton or it weighs 1 amu.
neutron
Atoms in their natural state are _______ (positively, neutrally, negatively) charged.
neutrally
An _____ is a charged atom or molecule. It is charged because the number of electrons do not equal the number of protons in the atom or molecule.
ion
A _____ is a group of a single type of atoms (elements) bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction.
molecule
a _____ is where different types of atoms (elements) share electrons through covalent bonds. It is also known as a covalent compound. The covalent bonds are what hold the molecule together.
compound
Chemical Bonds include both. Covalent and Ionic bonds. Which one is which?
______ bond: electrons from one atom are removed and attached to another atom, resulting in positive and negative ions which attract each other.
______ bond: electrons are shared by two atoms.
Ionic
Covalent
Hydrogen’s valence number is one, because it has only one valence electron and needs only ___(how many?) shared electron(s) to fill its energy levels.
one
A ______ is a CATALYST composed of protein and RNA. It lowers the level of energy that it takes to have a chemical reaction.
They assist w/ breakdown of food.
Most chemical reactions in the body are helped my this.
enzyme
Which type of reaction:
Two or more chemical species combine to form a more complex product. A + B → AB
Bank: synthesis, decomposition, endergonic, exergonic, dehydration, hydrolysis
synthesis reaction
Which type of reaction:
A compound is broken into smaller chemical species. AB → A + B
Bank: synthesis, decomposition, endergonic, exergonic, dehydration, hydrolysis
decomposition reaction
Which type of reaction:
Breaks polymers into monomers using a water molecule.
Bank: synthesis, decomposition, endergonic, exergonic, dehydration, hydrolysis
hydrolysis reaction
FYI - Monomers are just single unit molecules and polymers are chains of monomers.
Which type of reaction:
Absorbs energy from surroundings. Requires more energy than you get from it. The chemical bonds formed from the reaction are weaker than the chemical bonds that were broken. Not spontaneous.
Bank: synthesis, decomposition, endergonic, exergonic, dehydration, hydrolysis
Endergonic reaction
Which type of reaction:
Releases energy into surroundings. Spontaneous.
Bank: synthesis, decomposition, endergonic, exergonic, dehydration, hydrolysis
Exergonic reaction
Which type of reaction:
Link monomers together into polymers by RELEASING water.
Bank: synthesis, decomposition, endergonic, exergonic, dehydration, hydrolysis
dehydration reaction
FYI - Monomers are just single unit molecules and polymers are chains of monomers.
Is this an organic or inorganic compound?
Doesn’t contain both carbon and hydrogen. Most of these compounds contain water atoms (as opposed to carbon atoms)
inorganic
Is this an organic or inorganic compound?
Contains both carbon and hydrogen. Synthesized via covalent bonds with living organisms, such as the human body.
organic
The 4 main organic molecules are:
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids (nucleotides)
The organic molecule Carbohydrates has 3 main forms:
Monosaccharides are the monomers of carbs
__________ are made of 2 monomers.
__________ are the polymers, and can have a fuck ton of monomers
Disaccharides
Polysaccarides
The organic molecule LIPID has 3 main forms: triglyceride, phospholipids, and steroids.
________ is related to dietary stuff. Commonly called “fat”. Abundant in body tissues.
________ look just like lipids except that one of the fatty acid chains is replaced by a phosphate
________ are characterized by a backbone of four linked carbon rings (Figure 4). Examples of steroids include cholesterol (a component of cell membranes) and certain hormones, including testosterone and estrogen.
triglyceride
Phospholipids
Steroids
The organic molecule _______ are polymers made up of nitrogen-containing monomers called AMINO ACIDS
Protein
A ____ bond holds amino acids together.
clue: what type of medicine do I take for an upset or acidic stomach?
peptide bond
Proteins function as enzymes. True or False?
true
The organic molecule ________ can be assembled into nucleic acids (RNA or DNA), or ATP
Nucleotides
Ayyy bishhhh; here’s a QQ for joos:
______ is a nucleotide that stores a ton of potential energy. Energy released from its bonds fuels the body’s activities - i.e. muscle contraction or transporting substances in and out of cells
ATP
Water is a lubricating fluid for so many things in our body. For example: lubricates the joints, cushions the brain, and helps the lungs expand/contract. True or False?
True, bitch!
Water is called a “heat sink” because it can absorb and release heat, without it’s temperature changing. This is huge for our body’s equilibrium and shit. True or false?
True
Water is a key component of “Liquid Mixtures” in the body. The 3 liquid Mixtures are: Solutions, Colloids, and Suspensions. Which one is which?
_________ a homogeneous(similar) mixture of two or more components. The dissolving agent is the solvent. The substance that is dissolved is the solute. Example: Sugar and water. How to know: you cant see light passing though air, so you know it’s this.
_________ particles are larger than those found in solutions. Components of a suspension can be evenly distributed by mechanical means, like by shaking the contents but the components will eventually settle out. Example: Oil and water
_________ particles are in sized in between solutions and suspensions. When they’re mixed, they remain evenly distributed without settling out. Example: Milk or Fog! How to know: You CAN see light passing through air, so you know it’s this.
Solution
Suspension
Colloids
Name an example(s) of each:
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose deoxyribose
Disaccharides: sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), maltose (malt sugar)
Polysaccharides: starches, glycogen, cellulose (dietary fiber)
Saturated vs Unsaturated Fatty Acids (remember these are in Lipids). Which on is which?
1) Only single bonds between neighboring carbons in the hydrocarbon chain.
2) The hydrocarbon chain has a double bond. The fatty acid now has fewer hydrogens.
saturated
unsaturated
Note: If there is just one double bond in a fatty acid, it’s monounsaturated, while if there are multiple double bonds, it’s polyunsaturated.
What do you call a chemical substance that helps
helps control pH with there are high fluctuations in acids/bases in the body?
Small molecules such as bicarbonate and phosphate, and other substances like hemoglobin and proteins; help with this.
a buffer
A pH of 7 is _____. A pH less than 7 is_____. A pH greater than 7 is _____.
neutral, acidic, basic(base)
A pH of 7 is _____. A pH less than 7 is_____. A pH greater than 7 is _____.
neutral, acidic, basic(base)
An _____ (acid, base, or neutral) releases hydrogen ions. It ionizes. The particles disassociate.
acid
How it works: Strong acids are compounds that release all of their H+ in a solution. i.e. it ionizes completely
A _____ releases hydroxyl ions.
base
How it works: the hydroxyl ions combine with H+ to create a water molecule, therefore reducing the acidity of a solution. Strong bases release most or all of their hydroxyl ions.
Which nucleic acid stores genetic information?
DNA
What nucleic acid takes DNA code and transports it to where proteins are assembled on ribosomes in the cytoplasm?
RNA
In the world of Proteins, a _____ bond is a covalent bond between 2 amino acids that forms via dehydration synthesis. In fact, it’s a very short chain of amino acids.
peptide
The Disulfide bond is a covalent bond between sulfur atoms that binds two peptide chains or different parts of one peptide chain. T or F?
T, beyatch
