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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Exam 3 Review > Flashcards

Exam 3 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

the conversion of protein or fat molecules into glucose, forming a new glucose molecule

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2
Q

Glycogenolysis

When does it occur and what is it stimulated by?

A
  • the conversion of glycogen back to glucose
  • process occurs between meals
  • stimulated by glucagon and epinephrine
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3
Q

Glycogenesis

Where does it occur?

A
  • the conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage in the liver and skeletal muscle
  • occurs in the liver and skeletal muscle
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4
Q

What is the function of neuropeptide Y?

A

increases food intake while increasing rate and proportion of nutrients stored as fat

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5
Q

What are the 6 classes of nutrients?

A
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • fats
  • vitamins
  • minerals
  • water
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6
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates?

A
  • provides energy (fiber, starches, and sugars)
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7
Q

What is the function of proteins? (4)

A
  • build and repair body’s tissues
  • make hormones and enzymes
  • maintain proper pH and fluid balance
  • can also be used as an energy source
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8
Q

What is the function of fats? (3)

A
  • give the body energy and support cell growth
  • protect organs and keep body warm
  • help body absorb some nutrients and produce important hormones
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9
Q

What is the function of vitamins? (4)

A
  • help fight infection
  • wound healing
  • make bones strong
  • regulate hormones
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10
Q

What is the function of minerals? (4)

A
  • building material for bones
  • influence muscle and nerve function
  • regulate body’s water balance
  • making enzymes and hormones
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11
Q

What is the function of water? (3)

A
  • lubricant
  • regulate body temperature
  • helps move food and waste products
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12
Q

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

A

vitamins A, D, E, K

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13
Q

What are the water-soluble vitamins?

A

Vitam C and B complexes (thiamine, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, biotin, folate, cobalamin)

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14
Q

Redox Reaction (Oxidation Reduction)

A

any chemical reaction in which the oxidation number of a molecule, atom, or ion changes by gaining or losing an electron

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15
Q

What is the function of antioxidant vitamins?

A
  • neutralize the effects (stabilizing) of free radicals (substances that damage the body’s cells)
  • prevent or reduce the damage caused by oxidation
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16
Q

What do you call the fluid that enters the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

(glomerular) filtrate

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17
Q

What is the formation of a new glucose molecule?

A

gluconeogenesis

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18
Q

What is waste product normally excreted by the kidneys?

A
  • urea, in the urine (1st)
  • creatine
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19
Q

What is the main function of bile?

A

aids in digestion of fats via emulsification

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20
Q

Which structure of the nephron reabsorbs the most substances?

A
  • proximal convoluted tubule
  • only good stuff enters into the blood
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21
Q

The addition of water to break down large molecules is called

A

hydrolysis

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22
Q

Glycolysis is an example of anabolism or catabolism?

A

catabolism (breaking down)

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23
Q

The enzymatic digestion of large molecules into their basic building blocks is called

A

chemical digestion/catabolism

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24
Q

Carbohydrate is stored in the body in the form of:

A

glycogen

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25
Q

In the stomach, what does hydrochloric acid (HCL) do to protein?

A
  • denatures protein (breaking of weak bonds in the tertiary structure; ex: hydrogen)
  • converts pepsinogen into pepsin to break the peptide bonds between amino acids
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26
Q

What is a villus?

A
  • finger-like projections supplied with blood vessels that help absorption of nutrients by increasing surface area
  • found in small intestine
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27
Q

Which region of the stomach receives food from the esophagus?

A

cardia

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28
Q

Which of the tracts is the second section of the small intestine?

A

jejunum

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29
Q

Know the Salivary Glands

A
  • parotid (in front of and below each ear)
  • submandibular (below the jaw)
  • sublingual (under the tongue)
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30
Q

Which digestive aid, produced by the stomach, begins digestion by denaturing proteins?

A

hydrochloric acid (HCl)

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31
Q

Chemical reactions that break down complex organic molecules into simpler ones are called

A

catabolic reactions

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32
Q

What is oxidation reaction?

A
  • the addition of oxygen to the substance or the removal of hydrogen from the substance
  • electrons are lost and energy content is released
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33
Q

This process is the synthesis of triglycerides

A

lipogenesis (addition of three fatty acids to a glycerol backbone)

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34
Q

What are chemical reactions that combine simple molecules and monomers to form complex structures?

A

anabolism

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35
Q

Bile is produced by which organ and stored where?

A
  • produced by the liver
  • stored in the gallbladder
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36
Q

What is the substrate of salivary amylase?

A

starch

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37
Q

The primary functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

38
Q

The hormone responsible for reabsorption of water in the kidney

A
  • ADH (antidiuretic hormone) (1st)
  • aldosterone
39
Q

In each nephron of the kidney, the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule are called what?

A

renal corpuscle

40
Q

What is the movement of substances from the blood into the proximal tubule?

A

secretion

41
Q

What is the test to measure kidney function?

A

Blood screening tests:
- blood urea nitrogen (BUN); measures the level of nitrogen in blood that is part of urea (1st)
- measurement of plasma creatinine

42
Q

Increased secretion of hydrogen ions would result in what of the blood?

A

decrease in blood pH

43
Q

Which tubule transports urine from the kidney to the bladder?

A

ureters

44
Q

What structure of the stomach allows for greater distension for food storage?

A

rugae (gastric folds of inner wall)

45
Q

How many stages of deglutition are there?

A

deglutition = swallowing
3 phases:
- oropharyngeal (voluntary)
- pharyngeal
- esophageal

46
Q

All blood leaving the small intestinal tract travels first to the:

A

liver

47
Q

How long can food stay in the fundus before being mixed with gastric juices?

A

1 hour

48
Q

The movement of substances out of the glomerulus and into Bowman’s capsule is referred to as what?

A

filtration

49
Q

The major blood vessels transporting blood to the kidneys

A

renal arteries

50
Q

This is the structure of the nephron that filters blood

A

glomerulus (glomerular capsule)

51
Q

The ascending loop of Henle is impermeable to:

A

water

52
Q

An analysis of the physical, chemical and microscopic properties of urine is called

A

urinalysis

53
Q

Water accounts for what percentage of the total volume of urine?

A

95%

54
Q

The pH of gastric juice is about?

A

1.5 to 3.5

55
Q

Glycolysis takes place in:

A

cytosol

56
Q

What is the largest producer of energy during cellular respiration?

A

ETC (Electron Transport Chain) in the inner mitochondrial membrane

57
Q

Which digestive accessory organ produces a fluid that functions to emulsify dietary fat droplets?

A

liver

58
Q

Which accessory organ stores bile?

A

gallbladder

59
Q

What is the substrate of pepsin?

A

substrate = (the material on which an enzyme acts)
- protein

60
Q

What is reduction reaction?

A

the oxidation number of an atom becomes larger due to the gain of electrons and energy

61
Q

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and Electron Transport System (ETS) are all involved in what type of reaction?

A

Carbohydrate Metabolism / Cellular Respiration / Catabolism

62
Q

All absorbed nutrients travel to which organ first, with the exception of lipids?

A

small intestine

63
Q

The GI tract muscles propels materials (bolus and chyme) from one portion to another through a process called

A

peristalsis

64
Q

The enzyme that digests carbohydrates in the oral cavity is called what?

A

salivary amylase

65
Q

Transport vehicles for lipids (lipid carriers) in the blood are called what?

A

lipoproteins

66
Q

This is the smooth dense irregular connective tissue that is continuous with the outer coat of the ureter

A

renal capsule

67
Q

What are lipoproteins?

What are the classes (types)?

A
  • protein molecules that transport fat in the bloodstream
  • High Density Lipoprotein (HDL): more protein than lipid (good cholesterol)
  • Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL): more lipid than protein (bad cholesterol)
  • Very-Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)
  • chylomicron
68
Q

Know the process of Cellular Respiration (AKA Carbohydrate Metabolism)

A
69
Q

Ingestion

A

Physical introduction of food into the oral cavity

70
Q

What’s another name for salivary amylase?

A

ptylin

71
Q

How are the pancreas and small intestine able to handle the acidic contents from the stomach?

A

pancreas produces HCO3- : bicarbonate ion that serves as buffer to neutralize acidic content

72
Q

What does the presence of food in the duodenum stimulate?

A

production of CCK (cholecystokinin) to contract gall bladder to release bile and secrete hormones

73
Q

GERD

A
  • Gastro-Esophageal Reflex Disease
  • cardiac sphincter doesn’t close properly and acidic chyme goes back into esophagus, irritating the lining
74
Q

Parietal Cells

A

produce HCl and intrinsic factors that enhance the production of vitamin B12

75
Q

Chief Cells

A
  • AKA zymogenic or peptic
  • produces pepsinogen
76
Q

What type of cells make up the entire digestive tract?

A

simple columnar

77
Q

Where is the upper esophageal sphincter located?

A

btwn laryngopharynx and esophagus

78
Q

Where is the lower esophageal sphincter located?

A

btwn esophagus and cardia region of stomach

79
Q

Where is the pyloric sphincter located?

A

btwn pylorus region of stomach and duodenum

80
Q

Where is the anal sphincter located?

A

btwn rectum and outside

81
Q

What is the valve of the digestive system and where is it located?

A
  • ileocecal valve
  • located bwtn ilium (last segment of small intestine) and cecum (first segment of colon/large intestine)
82
Q

What is a chylomicron?

A
  • large lipoprotein consisting of glycerol and fatty acids merged together by a protein
  • too large to enter blood, but can enter lacteal (special lymphatic vessel)
83
Q

Can lipids be absorbed by blood vessels?

A

No, they are too big and will clog liver, have to be cleaned by lacteal first

84
Q

What are the major functions of the kidney?

A

filter blood and produce urine

84
Q

What is the “good” filtrated stuff?

A
  • glucose
  • electrolytes
85
Q

What is the “bad” filtrated stuff?

A

urea

86
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

fenestrated (mid-sized openings) capillary that FILTERS

87
Q

What are the filtration slits on the glomerulus?

A

podocytes (finger-like projections)

88
Q

What is the function of the Bowman’s Capsule?

A

secretion

89
Q

What are the blood vessels in the kidneys?

A
  • peritubular arteriole
  • vasa recta
90
Q

How do the blood vessels of the kidneys work?

A
  • only good stuff enters blood from the proximal convoluted tubule
  • excessive good stuff is secreted from the blood back into the collecting tubule

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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