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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Cardiovascular System - Heart > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System - Heart Flashcards

Exam 1

1
Q

Heart

A

muscular pump

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2
Q

4 chambers of the heart

A

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

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3
Q

List the Coverings of the Heart

A

Fibrous pericardium
Parietal layer of serous pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Epicardium (visceral layer of serous pericardium)
Myocardium
Endocardium

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4
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

a cycle of contraction and relaxation of the heart

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5
Q

Where do arteries carry blood?

A

away from the heart

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6
Q

Where do veins carry blood?

A

into the heart

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7
Q

What are the 2 major valve types of the heart?

A

atrioventricular; semi-lunar

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8
Q

Name the atrioventricular valves and where are they located?

A

tricuspid valve: between right atrium and right ventricle
bicuspid (mitral) valve: between left atrium and left ventricle

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9
Q

Name the semilunar valves and where are they located?

A

pulmonary semi-lunar valve: between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
aortic semi-lunar valve: between left ventricle and aorta

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10
Q

What empties blood into the right atrium?

Explain from where the blood comes for each answer

A

superior vena cava: returns blood from body regions above diaphragm
inferior vena cava: returns blood from body regions below diaphragm
coronary sinus: returns blood from coronary veins (the wall of the heart)

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11
Q

Which side of the heart carries deoxygenated blood?

A

right side

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12
Q

Which side of the heart carries oxygenated blood?

A

left side

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13
Q

What type of blood do arteries carry?

A

oxygenated blood, except for pulmonary artery

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14
Q

What type of blood do veins carry?

A

deoxygenated blood, except for pulmonary vein

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15
Q

What are the three parts of the aorta?

A

ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending aorta

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16
Q

What are the components of the heart wall?

What type of tissue is each layer composed of?

A

endocardium (simple squamous epithelium AKA endothelium)
myocardium (cardiac muscle, myocytes)
epicardium (connective tissue; AKA visceral pericardium)

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17
Q

What muscle is responsible for heart contractions and relaxation?

A

myocardium

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18
Q

4 types of tissue

A

epithelial; connective; muscle; nervous

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19
Q

What are 2 other terms for heart contraction?

A

systole and depolarization (filling)

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20
Q

What are 2 other terms for heart relaxation?

A

diastole and repolarization (releasing)

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21
Q

What causes heart depolarization?

What ion movement occurs during depolarization?

A

an electrical nervous action potential (impulse); sodium moves in and potassium moves out

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22
Q

What acts as the heart’s backup system?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic pathway

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23
Q

Name the contractile cells

A

sinoatrial (SA) node and atrioventricular (AV) node
- make up 99% of heart cells

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24
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node

And where is it specifically located?

A

AKA heart pacemaker; begins the heart contraction through the wall of right and left atria; located where superior vena cava empties into the right atrium

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25
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) node

A

where right atrium meets right ventricle; receives blood from SA node

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26
Q

Conduction System

A

initiates and coordinates heartbeat

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27
Q

Name the Conductive Cells

A

bundle of HIS; bundle branches; Purkinje fibers
- make up 1% of heart cells

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28
Q

Bundle of HIS

A

AKA interventricular bundle; located in interventricular septum; receives blood from AV node

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29
Q

Bundle branches

A

bundle of HIS splits into right and left bundle branches

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30
Q

Purkinje Fibers

A

each bundle branch enters into ventricular cardiac muscles forming Purkinje fibers

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31
Q

What are the 3 main stages of ECG (EKG) Pathway?

Explain heart function at each stage

A
  • P wave: atrial depolarization (systole)
  • QRS complex: ventricular depolarization (systole) and atrial repolarization (diastole)
  • QT interval: the time ventricles depolarize until they have finished repolarizing
  • ST segment: ventricular systole
  • T wave: ventricular repolarization (diastole)
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32
Q

3 Main Factors That Affect Stroke Volume

A

preload, contractility, afterload

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33
Q

Preload

A

degree to which cardiac muscle cells are stretched just before they contract

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34
Q

Contractility

A

contractile strength at given muscle length; muscle cells ability to move by shortening; increased contractility lowers End Systolic Volume (ESV)

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35
Q

Afterload

A

pressure that ventricles must overcome to eject blood

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36
Q

Trabeculae Carnae

A

irregular ridges of muscle on ventricular walls

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37
Q

Chordae Tendinae

A

anchor AV valves to papillary muscles; keeps valve flaps closed to prevent backflow

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38
Q

Foramen Ovale

A

small hole of muscular tissue between left and right atrium, allowing blood to cross atria and bypass pulmonary circulation during fetal development

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39
Q

Fossa Ovalis and its function

A

remnants of foramen ovale of fetal heart; located in interatrial septum; prevents blood flow, blocking circulation of blood across interatrial septum

40
Q

Intercalated discs

A

wire that reaches to all heart muscle to allow contraction; desmosomes junction to hold cells together

41
Q

Pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium, causing pericardial friction rub and cardiac tamponade

42
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

plaque build up blocking blood flow through arteries

43
Q

Hemorrhoids

A

elevated venous pressure. Can be caused by straining to deliver baby or have bowel movements

44
Q

Valvular Stenosis

A

stiff valve flaps that constrict opening; requires heart to exert more force to pump blood

45
Q

Incompetent Valve

A

blood backflows, so heart repumps same blood over and over

46
Q

Pathway of Blood Through Right Side of Heart

A

Vena cavas and coronary sinus -> Right atrium -> Tricuspid valve -> Right ventricle -> Pulmonary semilunar valve -> Pulmonary trunk -> Pulmonary arteries -> Lungs (pulmonary circulation)

47
Q

Pathway of Blood Through Left Side of Heart

A

Four pulmonary veins -> Left atrium -> Mitral valve -> Left ventricle -> aortic semilunar valve -> aorta -> Body (systemic circulation)

48
Q

Which ventricle’s wall is thicker?

A

Left (3x thicker); pumps greater pressure, but same volume of blood as right ventricle

49
Q

Pulmonary Trunk

A
  • receives blood from right ventricle
  • splits into two pulmonary arteries
  • sends blood to lungs
50
Q

Pulmonary Veins

A
  • 4 of them return oxygenated blood to left atrium
51
Q

Ascending Aorta

A

gives off two coronary arteries to supply blood to heart wall

52
Q

Arch of the Aorta

A

gives three branches that supply blood to the shoulders, arms, head, and neck

53
Q

Descending Aorta

A

extends inferiorly to supply blood to the structures present in the thoracic, abdominopelvic cavities, and legs

54
Q

Angina Pectoris

A

thoracic pain caused by lack of blood delivery to myocardium

55
Q

Myocardial Infarction

A

heart attack; prolonged coronary blockage

56
Q

What is the foramen ovale?

A

muscular tissue btwn left and right atrium, allowing blood to cross atria and bypass pulmonary circulation during fetal development

57
Q

What is used to reduce the friction between membranes surrounding of the heart?

A

pericardial fluid

58
Q

In a fetus, which structure temporarily shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk into the aorta?

A

ductus arteriosus

59
Q

As each ventricle contracts where does blood move?

A

through the designated arteries

60
Q

As each atrium contracts where does blood move

A

to the designated ventricles

61
Q

In which disorder is the aortic valve narrowed?

A

aortic stenosis

62
Q

Which valves of the heart does not have chordae tendineae attached?

A

semilunar valves

63
Q

Which period of the cardiac cycle represents greatest cardiac output?

A

ventricular systole

64
Q

Which part of the brain regulates heart rate?

A

medulla oblongata

65
Q

The second heart beat sound is represented by what?

A

closure of semilunar valves

66
Q

Stimulation of which nerve reduces heart rate?

A

vagus nerve

67
Q

What is the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta each minute?

A

more than 5,000 mL of blood per minute

68
Q

What’s indicative of an ECG (EKG) lacking a P wave?

A

atrial fibrillation; no atrial depolarization

69
Q

What are the risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

A

high blood pressure, obesity, unhealthy diet

70
Q

What are the small muscle masses attached to the chordae tendineae in the endocardium of the heart?

A

papillary muscle

71
Q

What causes heart sounds?

A

blood flowing through heart chambers as the cardiac valves open and close during cardiac cycle

72
Q

What causes heartbeat sounds?

A

closing of AV and SL valves

73
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minute; determined by heart rate x stroke volume

74
Q

What factors will increase cardiac output?

A

increased heart rate, increased preload, increased myocardial contractility, decreased afterload

75
Q

What is Fossa ovalis and its function?

A

a depressed structure that’s located in the interatrial septum; prevents blood flow, blocking the circulation of blood across interatrial septum

76
Q

Which structures act as anchors for the atrioventricular valves?

A

chordinae tendinae

77
Q

The internal lining of the cardiovascular system is formed by what tissue?

A

endothelium

78
Q

If a patient received trauma to the chest that caused severe impairment of the primary pacemaker cells of the heart, which area received the greatest damage?

A

right atrium; SA node

79
Q

Where is the primary cardiovascular control center in the brain?

A

medulla oblongata

80
Q

What is the layer that protects the heart?

A

epicardium

81
Q

Which layer of the heart consists of inelastic dense irregular connective tissue?

A

fibrous pericardium

82
Q

What layer of the heart consists of mesothelium and connective tissue?

A

epicardium

83
Q

What marked the boundary between the ventricles?

A

interventricular septum (sulci)

84
Q

What is the equivalent of trabeculae carneae in atria?

A

pectinate muscles

85
Q

What types of tissue comprise the valves of the heart?

A

dense irregular connective tissue

86
Q

Which of the valves prevents blood from flowing back from the lungs?

A

pulmonary valve

87
Q

What vessel distributes oxygenated blood to the myocardium?

A

coronary artery

88
Q

What electrically connects cardiac muscle to neighboring fibers?

A

gap junction (demosomes)

89
Q

What muscle type contains the largest amount of mitochondria?

A

cardiac muscle

90
Q

A network of specialized cardiac muscle fibers that provide a path for each cycle of cardiac excitation to progress through the heart

A

conduction system

91
Q

By comparison, cardiac muscle cells have ____ contraction plateau time than skeletal muscle cells.

A

a longer

92
Q

The period of time during a cardiac cycle when contraction occurs and blood pressure rises

A

systole

93
Q

Which part of the heart can initiate a contraction and can set a constant heart rate of about 100 beats per minute?

A

SA node

94
Q

Which electrical event represents repolarization of the ventricle?

A

T wave

95
Q

Auscultation

A

listening to the sounds of the body

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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