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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

Exam 1

1
Q

Endocrine System

A

system of glands secreting hormones into the blood stream

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2
Q

What are the types of glands?

A

Endocrine gland: without duct, secretes hormones into blood
Exocrine gland: has duct for non-hormonal secretion

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3
Q

Gland

A

specialized group of cells capable of producing and secreting its substances into the blood stream or to the outside

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4
Q

Hormone

A

chemical messengers that are released by cells and transported in the blood stream to alter activities of specific cells and other tissue

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5
Q

Diffusion

A

movement of particles from higher to lower concentration

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6
Q

Negative Feedback Systems

A

Control hormone levels by inhibiting further release when target hormones are affected

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7
Q

Humoral Stimuli

A

caused by altered levels of critical ions or nutrients
Ex: declining blood Ca2+ concentration stimulates parathyroid glands to secrete PTH

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8
Q

Neural Stimuli

A

Stimulate hormone release through neural input
Ex: sympathetic nervous system fibers stimulate adrenal medulla to secrete catecholamines

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9
Q

Hormonal Stimuli

A

caused by another hormone (tropic hormones)
Ex: hypothalamic hormones stimulate release of most anterior pituitary hormones

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10
Q

Nervous System Modulation

A

Ability of the nervous system to make adjustments to hormone levels and override normal endocrine controls
Ex: under severe stress

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11
Q

Cyclic AMP Signaling

A

Hormone binds to receptor, activates G protein, leading to protein kinase (enzyme) activation

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12
Q

PIP2-calcium signaling

A

Hormone-activated G protein splits membrane protein into second messengers, leading to Ca2+ release

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13
Q

cGMP

A

Second messenger for selected hormones

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14
Q

Intracellular Receptors

A

bind with lipid-soluble hormones, initiate DNA transcription

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15
Q

mRNA

A

produced from DNA transcription, translated into specific proteins

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16
Q

Target Cell Specificity

A

cells must have specific receptors for hormone binding

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17
Q

ACTH Receptors

A

found only on certain cells of adrenal cortex

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18
Q

Thyroxin receptors

A

found on nearly all cells of the body

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19
Q

Target Cell Activation

A

depend on blood hormone levels, receptor numbers, and binding strength

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20
Q

Up-regulation

A

target cells form more receptors in response to low hormone levels

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21
Q

Down-regulation

A

Target cells lose receptors in response to high hormone levels

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22
Q

Half-Life of Hormone

A

time for hormone blood level to decrease by half

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23
Q

Hormone Removal

A

can be removed from blood by degrading enzymes, kidneys, or liver

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24
Q

Dermis

A

layer of skin, avascular with blood in epidermis via diffusion

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25
Q

Vasopressin

A

lipid-soluble hormone, stimulates smooth muscle contraction (oxytocin, ADH)

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26
Q

Examples of exocrine glands

A

sebaceous (oil), sudoriferous (sweat), ceruminous (wax), mammary

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27
Q

List hormones produced by anterior and posterior pituitary glands (give organ examples)

A

Growth Hormone (AKA somatotropin; bone)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ADH; adrenal cortex)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH; thyroid gland)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone (FSH & LH; testis and ovaries)
Prolactin (PRL; production of milk in mammary glands)
Oxytocin (ejection of milk in mammary glands & uterus smooth muscle)
Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH; kidney tubules)

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28
Q

Where is Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone produced?

A

pars intermedialis

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29
Q

What is the function of FSH?

A

Males: stimulate production of sperm
Females: stimulates growth of ovarian follicles and production of estrogens

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30
Q

What is the function of LH?

A

gonad dropping hormone;
Males: produce testosterone
Females: release of estrogen and progesterone, causes ovulation and stimulates and maintains the corpusluteum (CL)

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31
Q

Ovary

A

produces gametes, stimulated by FSH and LH

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32
Q

Estrogen

A

hormone softening cells for ovulation, produced by growing follicle

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33
Q

Progesterone

A

hormone maintaining pregnancy, produced by corpus luteum

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34
Q

Lipid-soluble hormones

A

(steroid and thyroid hormones) act on receptors inside the cell, which directly activate genes

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35
Q

List 5 Steroid Hormones

A

testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, aldosterone, cortisol

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36
Q

Water-soluble hormones

A

(all amino acid-based hormones except thyroid hormone)
enter cell via plasma membrane receptors (lipoproteins); Act via G protein second messengers (require energy)

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37
Q

Site of sperm production

A

seminiferous tubules of the testes via FSH

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38
Q

Interstitial Cells of Leydig

A

produce testosterone via LH

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39
Q

Definition of Local Hormone

A

produced and entered into blood in search of target cells/tissues/organs

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40
Q

Types of Local Hormones

A

Autocrine: used by the same cell that produced it
Paracrine: used by cells adjacent to site of production

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41
Q

Types of capillaries

A

Continuous: big space, found in brain
Finestrated: bigger space, found in kidney nephron
Sinusoid: biggest space, found in liver

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42
Q

Circulating Hormones

A

blood carries them around

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43
Q

List Types of Hormonal Interactions

A

Permissive effect
Synergistic effect
Antagonistic effect

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44
Q

Permissive Hormone Effect

A

second hormone strengthens effect of first hormone
Ex: thyroid and epinephrine

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45
Q

Synergistic Hormone Effect

A

two hormones acting together for greater effect
Ex: Estrogen and LH

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46
Q

Antagonistic Hormone Effect

A

two hormones with opposite effects
Ex: insulin and glucagon

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47
Q

Catecholamines

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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48
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

butterfly-shaped gland in anterior neck, consists of isthmus, follicles, colloid, and parafollicular cells

49
Q

Thyroid Gland Hormones

A

T3 (triiodothyronine)
T4 (thyroxine)
Calcitonin

50
Q

T3

A

Triiodothyronine, form with 3 bound iodine atoms, affects tissue growth and development

51
Q

T4

A

thyroxine, major thyroid hormone form with 4 bound iodine atoms, affects metabolic rate and heat production

52
Q

Calcitonin

A

Produced by parafollicular cells; Lowers blood calcium levels, increases bone calcium levels

53
Q

Thyroglobulin

A

glycoprotein produced by epithelial follicular cells in thyroid gland

54
Q

Adrenal gland layers

A

capsule > glomerulosa > fascuilata > reticulata > adrenal medulla (stimulated by ACTH)

55
Q

Zona Glomerulosa

A

mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

56
Q

What is the function of aldosterone?

A

help control the balance of salts and water in the kidneys by keeping sodium in and releasing potassium from the body

57
Q

Zona Fascuilata

A

glucocorticoids (cortisol)

58
Q

Zona reticularis

A

gonadocorticoids/androgens (testosterone and estrogen)

59
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine (chromaffin cells) (nervous area directly connected to hypothalamus)

60
Q

Infundibulum

A

stalk connecting hypothalamus to pituitary gland

61
Q

Hypothalamus Hormones

A

A neural structure lying below the thalamus;
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone (TRH)
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH; AKA Dopamine)

62
Q

Nephron Tubules

A

permeable to water; Open to let water out into body/kidneys

63
Q

What is another name for Anterior Pituitary Gland?

A

adenohypophysis; consists of glandular tissue

64
Q

What is another name for Posterior Pituitary Gland?

A

neurophypophysis; composed of neural tissue and secretes neurhormones

65
Q

What is another name for Pituitary Gland?

A

hypophysis

66
Q

Name for hormones that regulate secretion of other hormones

A

tropic hormones

67
Q

Insulin-like Growth Hormones (IGFs)

A

stimulated by GH, promote cellular uptake of nutrients and bone growth

68
Q

Parathyroid Gland

A

secretes Parathyroid hormone (PTH), increases blood calcium levels

69
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A

secreted by heart in response to high blood pressure; Blocks renin and aldosterone secretion to decrease blood pressure (decrease salt absorption)

70
Q

Pineal Gland

A

secretes melatonin (circadian rhythm)

71
Q

Pancreas Hormones

A

alpha cells: glucagon
beta cells: insulin
somatostatin

72
Q

What is the function of somatostatin

A

inhibit the release of other hormones, regulate the activity of gastrointestinal tract, prevent rapid reproduction of cells

73
Q

Acinar Cells

A

enzyme-secreting cells of the pancreas, for digestion

74
Q

What does the placenta secrete?

A

estrogens, progesterone, and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

75
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

A

maintains corpus luteum in pregnancy, produced upon implantation; Simile to LH

76
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

alpha cells: glucagon (increase blood sugar)
beta cells: insulin (decrease blood sugar)

77
Q

Hormones secreted by adipose tissue

A

Leptin: appetite control; stimulates increased energy expenditure
Resistin: insulin antagonist
Adiponectin: enhances sensitivity to insulin

78
Q

Hormones secreted by gastrointestinal tract

A

Gastrin: stimulates release of HCl
Ghrelin: from stomach, stimulates food intake
Secretin: stimulates liver and pancreas
Cholecystokinin (CCK): activates pancreas, gallbladder, and hepatopancreatic sphincter
Incretins: enhance insulin release and inhibit glucagon

79
Q

Hormones secreted by heart

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP): decreases blood sodium concentration, and blood pressure and blood volume

80
Q

Hormones secreted by Kidneys

A

Erythropoietin: production of red blood cells
Renin: initiates the renin-angiostensin-aldosterone mechanism

81
Q

Hormones secreted by skeleton

A

Osteocalcin: secreted by osteoblasts in bone

82
Q

Hormones secreted by skin

A

Cholecalciferol: precursor of vitamin D
Calcitriol: active form of vitamin D that helps absorb calcium from intestine

83
Q

Hormones secreted by thymus

A

Thymulin, Thymopoietins, and Thymosisns may all be involved in normal development of T-lymphocytes in immune response

84
Q

Autoimmune Disease

A

condition where immune cells attack good cells

85
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

inability to produce or use insulin, leading to high blood sugar;
Type 1: caused by deficiency of insulin
Type 2: caused by deficiency of insulin receptors

86
Q

Polyuria

A

excessive urine production

87
Q

Polydipsia

A

excessive thirst

88
Q

Polyphagia

A

excessive hunger

89
Q

Hormone produced by duodenum and stimulates pancreas and gall bladder

A

cholecystokinin

90
Q

Which hormone would increase in blood as a result of stretching the cervix during labor?

A

oxytocin

91
Q

Destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas results in what metabolic disorder that is characterized by hyperglycemia, polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia?

A

diabetes mellitus

92
Q

Which hormone is detected in the urine in most common pregnancy tests?

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

93
Q

The Substances that are excreted from the Hepatopancreatic Ampulla

A

bile and pancreatic juice

94
Q

The Characteristics of Steroid Hormones

A
  • derived from cholesterol
  • lipid-soluble, influence cell activity by acting on DNA
  • require protein transport molecule to get through blood
95
Q

How does the Hypothalamus control the Hypophysis?

A

secretes releasing hormones

96
Q

Where is the Hypothalamus located? Where is the Hypophysis located?

A

Hypothalamus is located in the ventral brain, above pituitary gland and below third ventricle; Hypophysis is located below hypothalamus

97
Q

What would most likely result when aldosterone secretion from adrenal cortex is impaired?

A
  • hyperkalemia: high potassium levels
  • hyponatremia: low sodium levels
  • metabolic acidosis: too much acid
98
Q

Which blood glucose lowering hormone is produced by the Pancreatic islet cells (Islet of Langerhans)?

A

insulin

99
Q

Which hormone promotes an increased metabolic rate?

A

thyroid hormone

100
Q

Definition of Amine Hormone

A

hormone synthesized from the amino acids tryptophan or tyrosine

101
Q

Name an amine hormone derived from serotonin

A

melatonin

102
Q

Hormones that act on neighboring cells without entering bloodstream

A

paracrine (local hormone)

103
Q

What are the lipid-soluble hormones derived from cholesterol?

A

steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol

104
Q

Which anterior pituitary hormone stimulates growth of bones?

A

growth hormone (GH)

105
Q

What are Gonadotropin Hormones (GnH)? Give examples

A

Luteinizing Hormone, Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH): make the sex hormones testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone

106
Q

Which hormone stimulates proliferation of red blood cells in red bone marrow?

A

erythropoietin

107
Q

What is the determining factor that stimulates erythropoietin release from the kidney?

A

low hemoglobin levels

108
Q

If you were to investigate the level of hormones in an individual, what’s the most common test?

A

blood test is most common, sometimes urine test

109
Q

Parathyroid hormone is the major regulator of the concentration of which ions in the blood?

A

calcium

110
Q

Which anterior pituitary hormone stimulates cortisol production?

A

ACTH Adrenocorticotropin Hormone

111
Q

Which hormones are secreted by the hypothalamus and stored at the neurohypophysis?

A

oxytocin and ADH (vasopressins)

112
Q

Characteristics of Hyperthyroidism?

A

elevated metabolic rate, goiter, rapid weight loss despite increased appetite, sweating, rapid and irregular heart beat, nervousness

113
Q

Where are the target cells for follicle-stimulating hormone?

A

ovaries and testes

114
Q

The disease called ________ is caused by excessive secretion of glucocorticoids and is characterized by redistribution of body fat to produce characteristic features such as “moon face”

A

Cushing syndrome

115
Q

Which gland is called the “emergency gland” and helps the body adjust to stress?

A

adrenal gland

116
Q

Which hormones have additive effects?

A

synergists

117
Q

Hormones that stimulate endocrine glands to release other hormones are called? Give examples.

A

trophic hormones: ACTH, GnRH, gonadotropins, TSH

118
Q

Which hormone has an opposite action of calcitonin?

A

parathyroid: increases blood calcium levels

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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