Exam 1 Review Flashcards
Definition of a hormone
chemical messengers that are released by cells and transported in the blood stream to alter activities of specific cells and other tissue
Hormone produced by duodenum and stimulates pancreas and gall bladder
cholecystokinin
Which hormone would increase in blood as a result of stretching the cervix during labor?
oxytocin
Destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas results in what metabolic disorder that is characterized by hyperglycemia, polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia?
diabetes mellitus
Which hormone is detected in the urine in most common pregnancy tests?
human chorionic gonadotropin (HcG)
What substances are secreted from the hepatopancreatic ampulla?
bile and pancreatic juice
What are the 2 characteristics of steroid hormones?
- synthesized from cholesterol
- lipid soluble
How does the hypothalamus control the hypophysis?
it releases releasing hormones
Know the location of the hypothalamus and hypophysis
- hypothalamus is located in ventral part of brain, above adrenal gland
- hypophysis is located below hypothalamus
What would most likely result when aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex is impaired?
- hyperkalemia: high potassium levels
- hyponatremia: low sodium levels
- metabolic acidosis: too much acid
Which blood glucose lowering hormone is produced by the pancreatic islet cells (Islet of Langerhans)?
insulin
Which hormone promotes and increased metabolic rate?
thyroid hormone
An amine hormone derived from serotonin
melatonin
Hormones that act on neighboring cells without entering the bloodstream
Paracrine hormones
What are the lipid soluble hormones derived from cholesterol?
steroid hormones
When one hormone opposing the action of another hormone it is called:
antagonist
What controls the anterior pituitary gland?
hypothalamus
Which anterior pituitary hormone stimulates growth of bones?
growth hormone (GH)
What are Gonadotropin Hormones (GnH)?
Provide Examples
- Any hormone that stimulates the gonads (sex glands)
- Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Which hormone stimulates proliferation of red blood cells in red bone marrow?
erythropoietin
What is the determining factor that stimulates erythropoietin release from the kidney?
low hemoglobin levels
If you were to investigate the level of hormones in an individual, what’s the most common test?
- blood test (most common)
- urine test (sometimes used)
Parathyroid hormone is the major regulator of the concentration of which ion in the blood?
calcium
What hormones are Gonadotropins?
- LH
- FSH
Which anterior pituitary hormone stimulates milk production?
prolactin (PRL)
Which anterior pituitary hormone stimulates cortisol production?
Adenocoricotropin Hormones (ACTH)
Which hormones are secreted by the hypothalamus and stored at the neurohypophysis?
oxytocin and ADH (vasopressin)
What are 6 characteristics of hyperthyroidism?
- elevated metabolic rate
- goiter
- rapid weight loss despite increased appetite
- sweating
- rapid and irregular heart beat
- nervousness
Where are the target cells for follicle-stimulating hormone?
- ovaries
- testes
The disease called _______ is caused by excessive secretion of glucocorticoids and is characterized by redistribution of body fat to produce characteristic features such as “moon face”
cushing syndrome
Which gland is called the “emergency gland” and helps the body adjust to stress?
adrenal gland
What is the name for hormones that have additive effects?
synergists
The posterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the
neurohypophysis
Which hormone stimulates milk production?
prolactin (PRL)
This hormone stimulates milk ejection
oxytocin
What is the name for hormones that stimulate endocrine glands to release other hormones are
Provide Examples
- tropic hormones
- Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) stimulates pituitary to release thryroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- TSH stimulates thyroid gland to make and release thyroid hormone
- ACTH stimulates adrenal glands to produce cortisol and sex hormones
- GnRH stimulates pituitary to release LH and FSH
- FSH stimulates maturation of eggs and production of sperm
- LH stimulates sex cell production
The thyroid gland is composed of many of what, that are responsible for the storage of the thyroid hormone.
follicular lumen
This hormone has an opposite action of calcitonin
parathyroid hormone: increases blood calcium levels
Where do the steroid hormones have their receptors?
nucleus
Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to what?
cortisol
Which component of blood can migrate from the blood vessels into the interstial fluid?
leukocytes (White blood cells)
Match the following hormones with their site of synthesis:
epinephrine
gonadocorticoid
glucocorticoid
mineralocorticoid
zona glomerulosa
zona reticulata
adrenal medulla
zona fasciculata
epinephrine -> zona glomerulosa
gonadocorticoid -> zona reticulata
glucocorticoid -> zona fasciculata
mineralocorticoid -> zona glomerulosa
If a person living at sea level vacations in the Rocky Mountains, what hematic parameter would you except to happen?
increased erythropoieses (red blood cell count)
Lymphocytes that directly destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ____ cells.
cytotoxic T cells
What are the agranular leukocytes and their relevancy in disease control?
- lymphocyte: fight viruses and tumors
- monocyte: phagocytic, fight viruses, parasites, and chornic infections
What are the functions of blood?
- transport: oxygen and nutrients to body cells, metabolic wastes, hormones
- regulation: body temp and fluid volume
- protection: prevent infection and blood loss (platelets)
What is the normal average temperature of blood?
100.4 F or 38 C
Which plasma proteins play a role in blood clotting?
fibrin
The process of a white blood cell squeezing between vells to exit the blood vessel
diapedesis
Which hormone causes the development of megakaryoblasts?
thrombopoietin
Note: Thrombocytes are platelets
Monocytes fuse together to form a large phagocytic cell called
macrophages
What are the contractile cells of the heart?
- SA node and AV node
- 99% of cells in atria and ventricles
What are the conductive cells of the heart?
- Bundle of HIS
- Bundle branches
- Purkinje Fibers
What is the chief function of WBCs?
protection from illness and disease
Cell fragments that aid in blood clotting
platelets
Which component of the blood can migrate from the blood vessels into the interstitial fluid?
leukocytes
The normal pH range for blood is?
7.35 - 7.45
The process by which formed elements of the blood develop is called
hemopoiesis
How many hemoglobin molecules are in each RBC?
270 million
A megakaryoblast will develop into what?
platelet
During hemopoiesis, some of the myeloid stem cells differentiate into what?
red blood cells
What are the granular leukocytes?
- eosinophil
- neutrophil
- basophil
What are the agranular leukocytes?
- lymphocyte
- monocyte
Which leukocytes are most common phagocytes and first ones to reach the site of injury?
neutrophils
Know the characteristics and pH of blood (6)
- 4 - 6 liters of blood in the body
- viscosity: 4.5 - 5.5 cP
- 55% is plasma
- 45% is formed elements
- normal hematocrit levels: men: 40 - 54%; women: 36 - 48%
- normal pH range: 7.35 - 7.45
What factor would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin into the peripheral tissues?
decreased pH
A person with ‘A’ blood type should never receive a transfusion of ‘B’, nor ______ blood; but can receive ‘A’ or _______ type blood
AB; O
What is coagulation?
process that prevents excessive bleeding when blood vessel is injured (platelets combine)
Know the heart’s atrioventricular valves and their locations
- mitral (bicuspid) valve: btwn left atria and left ventricle
- tricuspid valve: btwn right atrium and right ventricle
Which cardiac chamber has the thickest wall and forms the apex of the heart?
left ventricle
What is foramen ovale?
muscular tissue between left and right atrium, allowing blood to cross atria and bypass pulmonary circulation during fetal development
What is used to reduce friction between membranes surrounding the heart?
pericardial fluid
Which layer consists of cardiac muscle tissue?
myocardium
From the left ventricle, where does blood pass?
through the aortic valve into the aorta, then to system circulation (body)
In a fetus, this stricture temporarily shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk into the aorta
ductus arteriosus
As each ventricle contracts where does blood move?
through the arteries
As each atrium contracts where does blood move?
ventricles
In which disorder is the aortic valve narrowed?
aortic stenosis
The heart chambers that carry deoxygenated blood
right chambers
The valve that guards the opening between the right atrium and right ventricle
tricuspid valve
Which valve of the heart does not have chordae tendineae attached?
semilunar valves
Which period represents the greatest cardiac output?
ventricular systole
Which part of the brain regulates heart rate?
medulla oblongata
The second heart sound is represented by what?
closure of semilunar valves
Stimulation of which nerve reduces heart rate?
vagus nerve
List the correct sequence of structures that allows the normal sequence of excitation to progress through the heart
SA Node -> AV Node -> Bundle of His -> Bundle Branches -> Purkinje Fibers
What is the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta each minute?
more than 5000 mL per minute
What’s indicative of an ECG (EKG) lacking a P wave?
atrial fibrillation: no atrial depolarization
What are some risk factors for cardiovascular disease? (3)
- high blood pressure
- obesity
- unhealthy diet
What do you call the muscle chambers in a heart?
right and left ventricles
What are the small muscle masses attached to the chordae tendinae in the endocardium of the heart?
papillary muscle
What are the heart’s semi-lunar valves and their locations?
- aortic valve between left ventricle and aorta
- pulmonary valve between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
What causes heart sounds?
blood flowing through heart chambers as the cardiac valves open and close during cardiac cycle (closing of AV and SL valves)
What is cardiac output?
amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minute
What are some factors that will increase cardiac output? (2)
- enhancement of sympathetic tone
- circulation of thyroid hormone
What is Fossa Ovalis and its function?
a depressed structure that is located in the interatrial system
- prevents blood flow, blocking the circulation of blood across interatrial septum
What is the Heart Electrical Conductive System?
network of nodes, cells and signals that control heart beat
Which structure acts as anchors for the atrioventricular valves?
chordae tendinae
Which chamber of the heart generates the highest pressure?
left ventricle
The internal lining of the cardiovascular system is formed by what tissue?
endothelium
If a patient received trauma to the chest that caused severe impairment of the primary pacemaker cells of the heart, which structures and areas received the greatest damage?
SA node
Where is the primary cardiovascular control center in the brain?
medulla oblongata
Which structures act as anchors for the atrioventricular valves?
chordae tendinae
