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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Cardiovascular System - Blood > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System - Blood Flashcards

Exam 1

1
Q

Cardiac Output

A

amount of blood dispelled from each ventricle in 1 minute; stroke volume x heart beat

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2
Q

Stroke Volume

A

quantity of blood ejected from one heartbeat

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3
Q

Heart Beat

A

number of beats per minute

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4
Q

Blood

A

only fluid tissue in body, composed of plasma and formed elements

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5
Q

Connective Tissue of Blood

A

type of tissue with nonliving fluid matrix called plasma and living blood cells called formed elements

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6
Q

Plasma

A

nonliving fluid matrix in blood, composed of over 90% water and containing dissolved solutes

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7
Q

Formed Elements

A

erythrocytes
leukocytes
thrombocytes

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8
Q

Why is blood red?

A

because of red blood cells, which contain hemoglobin

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9
Q

Hemoglobin

A

composed of a protein called heme, which binds oxygen and is responsible for the delivery of oxygen to the tissues

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10
Q

Erythrocytes

What percentage of total blood?

A

Red blood cells responsible for oxygen transport, comprising about 45% of whole blood

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11
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells involved in immune response, found in small quantities in whole blood

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12
Q

Platelets

A

Cell fragments essential for blood clotting, present in the Buffy coat of whole blood

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13
Q

Hematocrit

A

Percentage of blood volume occupied by erythrocytes, with normal values of 42-47% for males and 37-42% for females

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14
Q

Buffy Coat

A

Thin, whitish layer in a spun tube of blood, containing white blood cells and platelets

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15
Q

Plasma Proteins

List Examples

A

Abundant solutes in blood plasma, including albumin, globulin and fibrinogen proteins

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16
Q

Average Blood Volume Levels

A

Males: 5 - 6L
Females: 4 - 5L

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17
Q

Hempatopoiesis

A

production and development of blood

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18
Q

Where does Hematopoiesis take place? (Fetus, Infants, Adults)

A

fetus: placenta, liver
infants: red bone marrow (of spongy bone), liver
adults: red bone marrow (of spongy bone)

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19
Q

Where is most blood found?

A

hip bone (flat bone)

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20
Q

Functions of Blood

A

transport: respiratory gases, nutrients, hormones, electrolytes (ions)
protect: fight infection, prevent hemorrhaging
regulation: maintain pH, fluid volume, body temp

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21
Q

What is the benefit of the shape of RBCs?

A

biconcave shape; offers huge surface area to transport gas

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22
Q

Study Tree Chart of Blood

A

GO STUDY IT

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23
Q

How do WBCs fight infection?

A

phagocytosis; emigrate (diapedesis) blood vessel and extracellular matrix

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24
Q

Phagocytosis

A

when a cell eats/engulfs another cell

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25
When monocytes emigrate, what happens?
They either fuse together, becoming macrophages OR remain monocytes and FIGHT
26
How can edema occur?
plasma (fluid) emigrates into extracellular matrix, increasing the amount of extracellular fluid, causing swelling
27
What is inflammation?
swelling of individual cells
28
Do WBC have phospholipid bilayer?
No, instead they have pseudopodium
29
How does phagocytosis occur?
enzymes of ribosomes, inside lysosomes, digest other cells
30
Lysosome
organelle responsible for intracellular digestion (AKA cell receptionist)
31
What are the components of the endomembrane system?
Rough ER; Golgi Apparatus; Lysosome
32
Chemotaxis
chemical attraction of leukocytes to tissue damage/infection
33
List the Granular Leukocytes
Neutrophils; Basophils; Eosinophils
34
List the Agranular Leukocytes?
Lymphocytes; Monocytes
35
Neutrophils
most numerous WBCs; mononucleic; have multiple nuclear lobes b/c cytokinesis did not follow mitosis; phagocytic
36
Eosinophils
WBCs involved in allergies, asthma, and defense against parasites
37
Basophils
rarest WBCs, contain histamine, similar to mast cells
38
Monocytes
largest WBCs, differentiate into macrophages; crucial against infections; phagocytic; fight viruses, parasites, and chronic infection
39
Lymphocytes
WBCs crucial to immunity, produce antibodies, fight viruses and tumors
40
T-Cells
T-Lymphocytes; When lymphocytes are produced in bone, some go to thymus gland and become T-cells to perform immune responsibility
41
What are the 2 main types of T cells?
- cytotoxic T cells: kill infected cells - helper T cells: help activate macrophages, B cells, and cytotoxic T cells
42
B-Cells
B-Lymphocytes; Formed when lymphocytes return to the bone
43
Plasma Cells
Formed by lymphocytes in the blood; produce immunoglobulin
44
Leukopoiesis
production of WBCs
45
What are the 5 classes of Immunoglobulin
IgG IgM IgA IgD IgE
46
What is the largest WBC?
Monocytes
47
Hemostasis
fast reactions to stop bleeding
48
Vascular Spasm
Vessel's response to injury with vasoconstriction
49
Von Willebrand Factor
large plasma protein stabilizing platelet-collagen adhesion
50
Embolism
closure of blood vessels by things other than platelets Ex: air injection in needle Ex: Malignant cells will travel to lungs and stop in lung capillaries (tiniest capillaries) and metastasize there
51
Thrombin
enzyme converting fibrinogen to fibrin
52
Fibrinolysis
process of removing clots after repair
53
Thrombus
clot in unbroken blood vessel
54
Thrombosis
closure of blood vessel by platelets (thrombocytes)
55
Thrombolism
a piece of thrombus (cluster of thrombocytes) breaks off into blood vessel
56
List the Blood Types
A, B, AB, O
57
Where are antigens located
On the RBC
58
Where are the antibodies located?
in the plasma
59
What is Rh factor named after?
Rhesus monkey
60
What does the Rh factor test for?
D antigen
61
Explain how Rh factor affects pregnancy
If mother is Rh-negative and fetus is Rh-positive, then mother can produce positive antibodies, putting future fetuses at risk
62
What is given to mothers to prevent fetus risk due to Rh factor?
Rhogan; 1st injection is given 72 hours after deliver of first fetus, 2nd injection is given 27 weeks later to neutralize positive antibodies
63
What hormone stimulates production of red blood cells?
EPO (Erythropoiesis); produced by macula dense of nephron of kidney
64
Anemia
Abnormally low O2-carrying capacity of blood, categorized based on cause such as blood loss, low RBC production, or excessive RBC destruction
65
Polycythemia
Abnormal excess of RBCs, leading to increased blood viscosity and sluggish blood flow
66
Pernicious Anemia
Autoimmune disease that destroys stomach mucosa producing intrinsic factor needed to absorb B12
67
Hemolytic anemia
Premature lysis of RBCs, caused by incompatible transfusions, infections, or hemoglobin abnormalities
68
Thalassemia
Genetic disorder found in people of Mediterranean ancestry, resulting in thin, delicate RBCs deficient in hemoglobin
69
Sickle-cell anemia
Genetic disorder prevalent in black people of the African malarial belt, causing misshaped RBCs that rupture easily and block small vessels
70
Polycythemia vera
Bone marrow cancer leading to excess RBCs, with hematocrit going as high as 80%
71
Infectious Mononucleosis
highly contagious viral disease causing enlarged lymphocytes
72
Which component of the blood can migrate from the blood vessels into the interstitial fluid?
leukocytes
73
If a person living at sea level takes a vacation in the Rocky Mountains, what hematic parameter would you expect to happen?
increased erythropoiesis (red blood cell count)
74
Lymphocytes that directly destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells
cytotoxic T-cells
75
What is the average temperature of blood?
100.4 degrees F OR 38 degrees C
76
Which plasma proteins play a role in blood clotting?
fibrin
77
The process of white blood cells squeezing between cells to exit the blood vessel is called?
Diapedesis
78
Which hormone causes the development of megakaryoblasts?
thrombopoietin (thrombocytes are platelets)
79
Monocytes fuse together to form a larger phagocyte cell called?
macrophages
80
What is the chief function of leukocytes?
protection from illness and disease
81
Cell fragments that aid in blood clotting
platelets
82
What is the normal pH range for blood?
7.35 - 7.45
83
The process by which formed elements of the blood develop is called?
hemopoiesis
84
How many hemoglobin molecules are in each RBC?
270 million
85
A megakaryoblast will develop into what?
platelet
86
During hemopoiesis, some of the myeloid stem cells differentiate into what?
red blood cells
87
Which leukocytes are most common phagocytes and first ones to reach the site of injury?
neutrophils
88
The Characteristics and pH of Blood
- blood: 4-6 liters in body - viscosity: 4.5 - 5.5 cP - 55% is plasma - 45% is formed elements - Normal hematocrit levels: men: 40 to 54%; women: 36 to 48% - temperature of blood: 100 degrees F OR 38 C - pH of 7.35 - 7.45 (basic) - 0.86% - 0.9% is salt
89
What factor would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin into the peripheral tissues?
increased temperature, decreased blood pH (acidic), and/or chloride shift; the decrease in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen (less oxygen bound to the hemoglobin) would cause more oxygen to be released into the tissues
90
A person with A blood type should never receive a transfusion of B, nor _____ blood; but can receive A or _____ type blood.
AB; O
91
What is Coagulation?
process that prevents excessive bleeding when blood vessel is injured (platelets combine)

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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