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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Cardiovascular System - Blood > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System - Blood Flashcards

Exam 1

1
Q

Cardiac Output

A

amount of blood dispelled from each ventricle in 1 minute; stroke volume x heart beat

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2
Q

Stroke Volume

A

quantity of blood ejected from one heartbeat

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3
Q

Heart Beat

A

number of beats per minute

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4
Q

Blood

A

only fluid tissue in body, composed of plasma and formed elements

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5
Q

Connective Tissue of Blood

A

type of tissue with nonliving fluid matrix called plasma and living blood cells called formed elements

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6
Q

Plasma

A

nonliving fluid matrix in blood, composed of over 90% water and containing dissolved solutes

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7
Q

Formed Elements

A

erythrocytes
leukocytes
thrombocytes

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8
Q

Why is blood red?

A

because of red blood cells, which contain hemoglobin

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9
Q

Hemoglobin

A

composed of a protein called heme, which binds oxygen and is responsible for the delivery of oxygen to the tissues

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10
Q

Erythrocytes

What percentage of total blood?

A

Red blood cells responsible for oxygen transport, comprising about 45% of whole blood

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11
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells involved in immune response, found in small quantities in whole blood

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12
Q

Platelets

A

Cell fragments essential for blood clotting, present in the Buffy coat of whole blood

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13
Q

Hematocrit

A

Percentage of blood volume occupied by erythrocytes, with normal values of 42-47% for males and 37-42% for females

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14
Q

Buffy Coat

A

Thin, whitish layer in a spun tube of blood, containing white blood cells and platelets

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15
Q

Plasma Proteins

List Examples

A

Abundant solutes in blood plasma, including albumin, globulin and fibrinogen proteins

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16
Q

Average Blood Volume Levels

A

Males: 5 - 6L
Females: 4 - 5L

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17
Q

Hempatopoiesis

A

production and development of blood

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18
Q

Where does Hematopoiesis take place? (Fetus, Infants, Adults)

A

fetus: placenta, liver
infants: red bone marrow (of spongy bone), liver
adults: red bone marrow (of spongy bone)

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19
Q

Where is most blood found?

A

hip bone (flat bone)

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20
Q

Functions of Blood

A

transport: respiratory gases, nutrients, hormones, electrolytes (ions)
protect: fight infection, prevent hemorrhaging
regulation: maintain pH, fluid volume, body temp

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21
Q

What is the benefit of the shape of RBCs?

A

biconcave shape; offers huge surface area to transport gas

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22
Q

Study Tree Chart of Blood

A

GO STUDY IT

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23
Q

How do WBCs fight infection?

A

phagocytosis; emigrate (diapedesis) blood vessel and extracellular matrix

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24
Q

Phagocytosis

A

when a cell eats/engulfs another cell

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25
Q

When monocytes emigrate, what happens?

A

They either fuse together, becoming macrophages OR remain monocytes and FIGHT

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26
Q

How can edema occur?

A

plasma (fluid) emigrates into extracellular matrix, increasing the amount of extracellular fluid, causing swelling

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27
Q

What is inflammation?

A

swelling of individual cells

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28
Q

Do WBC have phospholipid bilayer?

A

No, instead they have pseudopodium

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29
Q

How does phagocytosis occur?

A

enzymes of ribosomes, inside lysosomes, digest other cells

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30
Q

Lysosome

A

organelle responsible for intracellular digestion (AKA cell receptionist)

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31
Q

What are the components of the endomembrane system?

A

Rough ER; Golgi Apparatus; Lysosome

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32
Q

Chemotaxis

A

chemical attraction of leukocytes to tissue damage/infection

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33
Q

List the Granular Leukocytes

A

Neutrophils; Basophils; Eosinophils

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34
Q

List the Agranular Leukocytes?

A

Lymphocytes; Monocytes

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35
Q

Neutrophils

A

most numerous WBCs; mononucleic; have multiple nuclear lobes b/c cytokinesis did not follow mitosis; phagocytic

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36
Q

Eosinophils

A

WBCs involved in allergies, asthma, and defense against parasites

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37
Q

Basophils

A

rarest WBCs, contain histamine, similar to mast cells

38
Q

Monocytes

A

largest WBCs, differentiate into macrophages; crucial against infections; phagocytic; fight viruses, parasites, and chronic infection

39
Q

Lymphocytes

A

WBCs crucial to immunity, produce antibodies, fight viruses and tumors

40
Q

T-Cells

A

T-Lymphocytes; When lymphocytes are produced in bone, some go to thymus gland and become T-cells to perform immune responsibility

41
Q

What are the 2 main types of T cells?

A
  • cytotoxic T cells: kill infected cells
  • helper T cells: help activate macrophages, B cells, and cytotoxic T cells
42
Q

B-Cells

A

B-Lymphocytes; Formed when lymphocytes return to the bone

43
Q

Plasma Cells

A

Formed by lymphocytes in the blood; produce immunoglobulin

44
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

production of WBCs

45
Q

What are the 5 classes of Immunoglobulin

A

IgG
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgE

46
Q

What is the largest WBC?

47
Q

Hemostasis

A

fast reactions to stop bleeding

48
Q

Vascular Spasm

A

Vessel’s response to injury with vasoconstriction

49
Q

Von Willebrand Factor

A

large plasma protein stabilizing platelet-collagen adhesion

50
Q

Embolism

A

closure of blood vessels by things other than platelets
Ex: air injection in needle
Ex: Malignant cells will travel to lungs and stop in lung capillaries (tiniest capillaries) and metastasize there

51
Q

Thrombin

A

enzyme converting fibrinogen to fibrin

52
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

process of removing clots after repair

53
Q

Thrombus

A

clot in unbroken blood vessel

54
Q

Thrombosis

A

closure of blood vessel by platelets (thrombocytes)

55
Q

Thrombolism

A

a piece of thrombus (cluster of thrombocytes) breaks off into blood vessel

56
Q

List the Blood Types

A

A, B, AB, O

57
Q

Where are antigens located

A

On the RBC

58
Q

Where are the antibodies located?

A

in the plasma

59
Q

What is Rh factor named after?

A

Rhesus monkey

60
Q

What does the Rh factor test for?

61
Q

Explain how Rh factor affects pregnancy

A

If mother is Rh-negative and fetus is Rh-positive, then mother can produce positive antibodies, putting future fetuses at risk

62
Q

What is given to mothers to prevent fetus risk due to Rh factor?

A

Rhogan; 1st injection is given 72 hours after deliver of first fetus, 2nd injection is given 27 weeks later to neutralize positive antibodies

63
Q

What hormone stimulates production of red blood cells?

A

EPO (Erythropoiesis); produced by macula dense of nephron of kidney

64
Q

Anemia

A

Abnormally low O2-carrying capacity of blood, categorized based on cause such as blood loss, low RBC production, or excessive RBC destruction

65
Q

Polycythemia

A

Abnormal excess of RBCs, leading to increased blood viscosity and sluggish blood flow

66
Q

Pernicious Anemia

A

Autoimmune disease that destroys stomach mucosa producing intrinsic factor needed to absorb B12

67
Q

Hemolytic anemia

A

Premature lysis of RBCs, caused by incompatible transfusions, infections, or hemoglobin abnormalities

68
Q

Thalassemia

A

Genetic disorder found in people of Mediterranean ancestry, resulting in thin, delicate RBCs deficient in hemoglobin

69
Q

Sickle-cell anemia

A

Genetic disorder prevalent in black people of the African malarial belt, causing misshaped RBCs that rupture easily and block small vessels

70
Q

Polycythemia vera

A

Bone marrow cancer leading to excess RBCs, with hematocrit going as high as 80%

71
Q

Infectious Mononucleosis

A

highly contagious viral disease causing enlarged lymphocytes

72
Q

Which component of the blood can migrate from the blood vessels into the interstitial fluid?

A

leukocytes

73
Q

If a person living at sea level takes a vacation in the Rocky Mountains, what hematic parameter would you expect to happen?

A

increased erythropoiesis (red blood cell count)

74
Q

Lymphocytes that directly destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells

A

cytotoxic T-cells

75
Q

What is the average temperature of blood?

A

100.4 degrees F OR 38 degrees C

76
Q

Which plasma proteins play a role in blood clotting?

77
Q

The process of white blood cells squeezing between cells to exit the blood vessel is called?

A

Diapedesis

78
Q

Which hormone causes the development of megakaryoblasts?

A

thrombopoietin (thrombocytes are platelets)

79
Q

Monocytes fuse together to form a larger phagocyte cell called?

A

macrophages

80
Q

What is the chief function of leukocytes?

A

protection from illness and disease

81
Q

Cell fragments that aid in blood clotting

82
Q

What is the normal pH range for blood?

A

7.35 - 7.45

83
Q

The process by which formed elements of the blood develop is called?

A

hemopoiesis

84
Q

How many hemoglobin molecules are in each RBC?

A

270 million

85
Q

A megakaryoblast will develop into what?

86
Q

During hemopoiesis, some of the myeloid stem cells differentiate into what?

A

red blood cells

87
Q

Which leukocytes are most common phagocytes and first ones to reach the site of injury?

A

neutrophils

88
Q

The Characteristics and pH of Blood

A
  • blood: 4-6 liters in body
  • viscosity: 4.5 - 5.5 cP
  • 55% is plasma
  • 45% is formed elements
  • Normal hematocrit levels: men: 40 to 54%; women: 36 to 48%
  • temperature of blood: 100 degrees F OR 38 C
  • pH of 7.35 - 7.45 (basic)
  • 0.86% - 0.9% is salt
89
Q

What factor would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin into the peripheral tissues?

A

increased temperature, decreased blood pH (acidic), and/or chloride shift; the decrease in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen (less oxygen bound to the hemoglobin) would cause more oxygen to be released into the tissues

90
Q

A person with A blood type should never receive a transfusion of B, nor _____ blood; but can receive A or _____ type blood.

91
Q

What is Coagulation?

A

process that prevents excessive bleeding when blood vessel is injured (platelets combine)

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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