Exam 2 Review (Blood Vessels, Lymphatic & Immunity, Respiratory) Flashcards
What hormones would cause an increase in blood pressure?
- Angiotensin II
- Aldosterone
- ADH
- Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
Where is the cardiovascular center located?
In the medulla oblongata
The ratio of RBC to plasma volume depends mostly on what?
blood viscosity - the thickness or resistance to flow of blood
This is a tube where air and food crosses
pharynx
What is the circulation time in a resting person?
The time required for a drop of blood to pass from the right atrium, back to the left atrium: 1 minute
What is the volume of blood that flows through any tissue in a given time period?
blood flow
The pressure-driven movement of fluids and solutes from blood (capillaries) into interstitial fluid is called
Filtration
The alternate route of blood flow to a body part through an anastomosis is called
Collateral Circulation (Channels)
The largest factor that promotes reabsorption of fluids, into blood, from the interstitial fluids is
Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (AKA Oncotic Pressure)
What is the most important capillary exchange method?
Diffusion
The opening to the pharynx from the oral cavity is called
Oral Fauces (Fissure)
Which type of blood vessel returns blood into the heart?
Veins
Know the components of a closed circulatory system
- Heart
- Blood
- Blood Vessels
Blood is contained inside the blood vessels, remaining separate from the interstitial fluid
What’s “articulation” during sound emission?
the movement of the tongue, lips, jaw, and other speech organs in order to make speech sounds
What do veins have that arteries lack?
valves
In which animals are blood and interstitial fluid (lymph) mix together?
Invertebrates (ex: mollusks (ex: snails, octopus) and arthropods (ex: insects, crustaceans) )
Functions of the cardiovascular system (5)
- circulate blood through the body (maintain blood pressure)
- transport the respiratory gases (O2 and CO2)
- provide cells with nutrients
- remove metabolic waste products to the excretory organs for disposal
- protect body against disease and infection
The fluid found in the lymphatic system, that sometimes contain leukocytes is called:
lymph
Blood exerts pressure, called ______________, on the walls of the ______________
- blood pressure (when contracting: systole; when relaxing: diastole)
- arteries
Know areas where pulse can be felt? (9)
- temporal artery
- facial artery
- common carotid artery
- brachial artery
- radial artery
- femoral artery
- popliteal artery
- posterior tibial artery
- dorsalis pedis artery
This class of antibodies is mainly found in sweat, tears, breast milk and GI secretions.
IgA
T cells secrete this toxin that is used to fragment DNA.
Perforin (lymphotoxin)
Know how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood.
dissolved and bound to Hemoglobin (Hb)
Which part of the lymph node does not contain any lymphatic nodules?
- inner cortex
- medulla
What is the function of the spleen?
removes old or damaged RBCs
What are the signs of inflammation?
- redness
- heat
- swelling
- pain
- loss of function
When B and T cells are fully developed and mature, they are known to be?
Where do B and T cells mature?
- immunocompetent
- B cells remain in bone marrow to mature
- T cells travel to thymus to mature
What induces production of a specific antibody?
- When antigen comes in contact with B cell, it causes B cell to clone, forming plasma cells, releasing antibodies into bloodstream
- each B cell produces a single species of antibody
What type of cells can lymphocytes recognize?
Antigens (foreign cells)
What is the passageway for air, food and water?
Pharynx
Which structure prevents food or water from entering the trachea?
epiglottis
Pitch is controlled by what?
the degree of tension in the vocal folds (chords) of the larynx
These are triangular pieces of mostly hyaline cartilage located at the posterior and superior border of the cricoid cartilage
arytenoid cartilages
What is located anterior to the esophagus and carries air to the bronchi?
trachea
Site of the primary gas exchange
Alveoli
What type of tissues maintain open airways in the lower respiratory system?
Hyaline Cartilage
The point where the trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi is a ridge called
Carina
What cells of the alveoli produce surfactant?
Alveolar Type II Cells
When does Exhalation begin?
when the inspiratory muscles relax
This is the sum of the residual volume and the expiratory reserve volume
Function Residual Capacity (FRC)
- the amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal exhalation. FRC = RV + ERV
What controls the flow of blood through a capillary bed?
precapillary sphincters
Which vessels make up the largest blood reservoir?
veins and venules
Which vessels play a key role in regulating blood flow into capillaries?
arterioles
Which artery wall is responsible for vasoconstriction?
Tunica (Interna) Media
What causes lymph from the small intestines to appear white?
Chyle (lipids)
Know the organs of the immune system (9)
Which are uncapsulated?
- Bone Marrow
- Thymus
- Spleen
- Lymph Nodes
- Tonsils (Uncapsulated)
- adenoid (pharyngeal)
- palatine
- linguinal
- Appendix (Uncapsulated)
- Peyers Patches
- MALT
- Skin
The left subclavian vein receives lymph from what?
thoracic duct
The lymph from the right foot empties into the __________________.
thoracic duct
What produces the hormone that promotes maturation of T cells?
the thymus secretes thymosin to promote maturation of T cells
In the thymus, where is it speculated that T cells die?
Hasall’s Corpuscles
Through which blood vessels do red blood cells have to pass one at a time?
capillaries
All arteries, with the exception of the ____________, contain oxygen-rich blood
pulmonary arteries
What does the blockage of the lymphatic vessel cause?
lymphedema
What’s phonation?
the production of speech sounds when air is pushed from lungs through the glottis
Know the alveolar cells and their functions?
- Type 1: Macrophages that phagocytize pathogens/debris from the outside
- Type 2: produce surfactant that keeps alveolar from collapsing, maintaining surface tension
Know the different types of capillaries and their locations
Continuous capillaries: little or no space between each squamous cells
- found in brain
Fenestrated capillaries: some openings
- found in kidneys, intestines, and endocrine glands
Sinusoidal capillaries: widest openings
- found in liver, bone marrow, spleen
What is immunity?
- the state of being insusceptible to a pathogen
- the action of specific lymphocytes that combat a particular pathogen or other foreign surface
Know the two Lymphatic ducts of the lymphatic
o where they drain lymph from
o where they drain lymph into
- Right Lymphatic Duct
- drains from right head, neck, thoracic, arm region
- drains into junction of right subclavian vein and right internal jugular vein
- Thoracic Duct
- drains from everywhere else
- drains into junction of left subclavian vein and left internal jugular vein
Know the structure of the lymphatic vessels and differences and similarities between blood capillaries
- One endothelial layer attached to the basement membrane
- flows unidirectional towards the heart
- more permeable than blood capillaries (ex: proteins, cell debris, pathogens, cancer cells)
- due to mini valves anchored by collagen filaments
- absent from bones, teeth, and bone marrow
What are the cells of the lymphatic system?
lymphocytes
Know the different types of Tonsils and where they are located.
- palatine: posterior end of oral cavity (largest and most often infected)
- lingual: lumpy collection of follicles at base of tongue
- pharyngeal (adenoids): posterior wall of nasopharynx
- tubal: surround opening of auditory tubes into pharynx
Know the five classes of Immunoglobulins (Ig)
- IgA
- IgG
- IgM
- IgD
- IgE
IgA
- primary antibody secretions
- found in saliva, breast milk, sweat
- dimer
IgG
- major antibody in blood stream
- usually produced first during immune reaction
- crosses the placenta (from mother to fetus)
- monomer
IgM
- good for bacteria agglutination
- pentomer
IgD
- helps B-cells to recognize antigens
- membrane-bound monomer
IgE
- invovled in allergic reactions and parasitic infection
- stimulates release of histamine from mast cells and basophils
- monomer
Know different types of Lymphocytes and their functions
- B cells: make antibodies to fight infection (plasma cells)
- T cells: defend body against disease and infection and control immune response
- Natural Killers (NK): attack cells infected with virus and abnormal cells, like cancer cells
Know the types of T cells and their functions
Cytotoxic T-cell
- attack host cells infected with virus
Memory T-cell
- keeps memory of previous infection
Suppressor T-cell
- controls excess of B cells when antibodies are produced
Helper T-cell
- helps T and B cells in recognizing antigens (Ag)
What is the anatomical difference between bronchus and bronchioles?
bronchus/bronchi branch into bronchioles
bronchioles have smooth muscle but lack cartilage
What is Hypoxia?
low oxygen levels in body tissues
What is Anoxia?
a state of total oxygen deprivation within tissues or organs
Apnea
When you stop breathing or have no airflow (can occur while sleeping)
Hypernea
forced respiration, increased volume of air taken in during breathing, characterized by deep breathing
Four Pulmonary Volumes
- Resting Tidal Volume (Vt)
- Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
- Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
- Residual Volume (RV)
Tidal Volume (Vt)
- volume of air moving into or out of lungs during quiet breathing
- Female: 500mL
- Male: 500mL
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
- Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled above tidal volume
- Female: 1900 mL
- Male: 3300 mL
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
- Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled below tidal volume
- Female: 700 mL
- Male: 1000 mL
Residual Volume (RV)
- Volume of air that remains in respiratory system after a maximal exhalation
- Female: 1100 mL
- Male: 1200 mL
Four Calculated Respiratory Volumes
- Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
- Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
- Vital Capacity
- Total Lung
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
The maximum volume of air that can be inspired after reaching the end of a normal, quiet expiration
-Vt + IRV
- Female: 1900 mL
- Male: 3800 mL
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
the volume remaining in the lungs after a normal, passive exhalation
- ERV + RV
- Female: 1800 mL
- Male: 2200 mL
Vital Capacity
the maximum amount of air you can forcibly exhale from your lungs after fully inhaling
- Female: 3100 mL
- Male: 4800 mL
Total Lung Capacity
the volume of air in the lungs upon the maximum effort of inspiration
- Female: 4200 mL
- Male: 6000 mL
Atelectasis
collapsing of the alveoli
Name the Lymphatic Trunks
- 2 jugular trunks
- 2 subclavian trunks
- 2 bronchomediastinal trunks
- 2 lumbar trunks
- 1 intestinal trunk
