Exam 2 Review (Blood Vessels, Lymphatic & Immunity, Respiratory) Flashcards
1
Q
What hormones would cause an increase in blood pressure?
A
- Angiotensin II
- Aldosterone
- ADH
- Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
2
Q
Where is the cardiovascular center located?
A
In the medulla oblongata
3
Q
The ratio of RBC to plasma volume depends mostly on what?
A
blood viscosity - the thickness or resistance to flow of blood
4
Q
This is a tube where air and food crosses
A
pharynx
5
Q
What is the circulation time in a resting person?
A
The time required for a drop of blood to pass from the right atrium, back to the left atrium: 1 minute
6
Q
What is the volume of blood that flows through any tissue in a given time period?
A
blood flow
7
Q
The pressure-driven movement of fluids and solutes from blood (capillaries) into interstitial fluid is called
A
Filtration
8
Q
The alternate route of blood flow to a body part through an anastomosis is called
A
Collateral Circulation (Channels)
9
Q
The largest factor that promotes reabsorption of fluids, into blood, from the interstitial fluids is
A
Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (AKA Oncotic Pressure)
10
Q
What is the most important capillary exchange method?
A
Diffusion
11
Q
The opening to the pharynx from the oral cavity is called
A
Oral Fauces (Fissure)
12
Q
Which type of blood vessel returns blood into the heart?
A
Veins
13
Q
Know the components of a closed circulatory system
A
- Heart
- Blood
- Blood Vessels
Blood is contained inside the blood vessels, remaining separate from the interstitial fluid
14
Q
What’s “articulation” during sound emission?
A
the movement of the tongue, lips, jaw, and other speech organs in order to make speech sounds
15
Q
What do veins have that arteries lack?
A
valves
16
Q
In which animals are blood and interstitial fluid (lymph) mix together?
A
Invertebrates (ex: mollusks (ex: snails, octopus) and arthropods (ex: insects, crustaceans) )
17
Q
Functions of the cardiovascular system (5)
A
- circulate blood through the body (maintain blood pressure)
- transport the respiratory gases (O2 and CO2)
- provide cells with nutrients
- remove metabolic waste products to the excretory organs for disposal
- protect body against disease and infection
18
Q
The fluid found in the lymphatic system, that sometimes contain leukocytes is called:
A
lymph
19
Q
Blood exerts pressure, called ______________, on the walls of the ______________
A
- blood pressure (when contracting: systole; when relaxing: diastole)
- arteries
20
Q
Know areas where pulse can be felt? (9)
A
- temporal artery
- facial artery
- common carotid artery
- brachial artery
- radial artery
- femoral artery
- popliteal artery
- posterior tibial artery
- dorsalis pedis artery
21
Q
This class of antibodies is mainly found in sweat, tears, breast milk and GI secretions.
A
IgA
22
Q
T cells secrete this toxin that is used to fragment DNA.
A
Perforin (lymphotoxin)
23
Q
Know how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood.
A
dissolved and bound to Hemoglobin (Hb)
24
Q
Which part of the lymph node does not contain any lymphatic nodules?
A
- inner cortex
- medulla
25
What is the function of the spleen?
removes old or damaged RBCs
26
What are the signs of inflammation?
- redness
- heat
- swelling
- pain
- loss of function
27
When B and T cells are fully developed and mature, they are known to be?
Where do B and T cells mature?
- immunocompetent
- B cells remain in bone marrow to mature
- T cells travel to thymus to mature
28
What induces production of a specific antibody?
- When antigen comes in contact with B cell, it causes B cell to clone, forming plasma cells, releasing antibodies into bloodstream
- each B cell produces a single species of antibody
29
What type of cells can lymphocytes recognize?
Antigens (foreign cells)
30
What is the passageway for air, food and water?
Pharynx
31
Which structure prevents food or water from entering the trachea?
epiglottis
32
Pitch is controlled by what?
the degree of tension in the vocal folds (chords) of the larynx
33
These are triangular pieces of mostly hyaline cartilage located at the posterior and superior border of the cricoid cartilage
arytenoid cartilages
34
What is located anterior to the esophagus and carries air to the bronchi?
trachea
35
Site of the primary gas exchange
Alveoli
36
What type of tissues maintain open airways in the lower respiratory system?
Hyaline Cartilage
37
The point where the trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi is a ridge called
Carina
38
What cells of the alveoli produce surfactant?
Alveolar Type II Cells
39
When does Exhalation begin?
when the inspiratory muscles relax
40
This is the sum of the residual volume and the expiratory reserve volume
Function Residual Capacity (FRC)
- the amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal exhalation. FRC = RV + ERV
41
What controls the flow of blood through a capillary bed?
precapillary sphincters
42
Which vessels make up the largest blood reservoir?
veins and venules
43
Which vessels play a key role in regulating blood flow into capillaries?
arterioles
44
Which artery wall is responsible for vasoconstriction?
Tunica (Interna) Media
45
What causes lymph from the small intestines to appear white?
Chyle (lipids)
46
Know the organs of the immune system (9)
Which are uncapsulated?
- Bone Marrow
- Thymus
- Spleen
- Lymph Nodes
- Tonsils (Uncapsulated)
- adenoid (pharyngeal)
- palatine
- linguinal
- Appendix (Uncapsulated)
- Peyers Patches
- MALT
- Skin
47
The left subclavian vein receives lymph from what?
thoracic duct
48
The lymph from the right foot empties into the __________________.
thoracic duct
49
What produces the hormone that promotes maturation of T cells?
the thymus secretes thymosin to promote maturation of T cells
50
In the thymus, where is it speculated that T cells die?
Hasall's Corpuscles
51
Through which blood vessels do red blood cells have to pass one at a time?
capillaries
52
All arteries, with the exception of the ____________, contain oxygen-rich blood
pulmonary arteries
53
What does the blockage of the lymphatic vessel cause?
lymphedema
54
What’s phonation?
the production of speech sounds when air is pushed from lungs through the glottis
55
Know the alveolar cells and their functions?
- Type 1: Macrophages that phagocytize pathogens/debris from the outside
- Type 2: produce surfactant that keeps alveolar from collapsing, maintaining surface tension
56
Know the different types of capillaries and their locations
Continuous capillaries: little or no space between each squamous cells
- found in brain
Fenestrated capillaries: some openings
- found in kidneys, intestines, and endocrine glands
Sinusoidal capillaries: widest openings
- found in liver, bone marrow, spleen
57
What is immunity?
- the state of being insusceptible to a pathogen
- the action of specific lymphocytes that combat a particular pathogen or other foreign surface
58
Know the two Lymphatic ducts of the lymphatic
o where they drain lymph from
o where they drain lymph into
- Right Lymphatic Duct
- drains from right head, neck, thoracic, arm region
- drains into junction of right subclavian vein and right internal jugular vein
- Thoracic Duct
- drains from everywhere else
- drains into junction of left subclavian vein and left internal jugular vein
59
Know the structure of the lymphatic vessels and differences and similarities between blood capillaries
- One endothelial layer attached to the basement membrane
- flows unidirectional towards the heart
- more permeable than blood capillaries (ex: proteins, cell debris, pathogens, cancer cells)
- due to mini valves anchored by collagen filaments
- absent from bones, teeth, and bone marrow
60
What are the cells of the lymphatic system?
lymphocytes
61
Know the different types of Tonsils and where they are located.
- palatine: posterior end of oral cavity (largest and most often infected)
- lingual: lumpy collection of follicles at base of tongue
- pharyngeal (adenoids): posterior wall of nasopharynx
- tubal: surround opening of auditory tubes into pharynx
62
Know the five classes of Immunoglobulins (Ig)
- IgA
- IgG
- IgM
- IgD
- IgE
63
IgA
- primary antibody secretions
- found in saliva, breast milk, sweat
- dimer
64
IgG
- major antibody in blood stream
- usually produced first during immune reaction
- crosses the placenta (from mother to fetus)
- monomer
65
IgM
- good for bacteria agglutination
- pentomer
66
IgD
- helps B-cells to recognize antigens
- membrane-bound monomer
67
IgE
- invovled in allergic reactions and parasitic infection
- stimulates release of histamine from mast cells and basophils
- monomer
68
Know different types of Lymphocytes and their functions
- B cells: make antibodies to fight infection (plasma cells)
- T cells: defend body against disease and infection and control immune response
- Natural Killers (NK): attack cells infected with virus and abnormal cells, like cancer cells
69
Know the types of T cells and their functions
Cytotoxic T-cell
- attack host cells infected with virus
Memory T-cell
- keeps memory of previous infection
Suppressor T-cell
- controls excess of B cells when antibodies are produced
Helper T-cell
- helps T and B cells in recognizing antigens (Ag)
70
What is the anatomical difference between bronchus and bronchioles?
bronchus/bronchi branch into bronchioles
bronchioles have smooth muscle but lack cartilage
71
What is Hypoxia?
low oxygen levels in body tissues
72
What is Anoxia?
a state of total oxygen deprivation within tissues or organs
73
Apnea
When you stop breathing or have no airflow (can occur while sleeping)
74
Hypernea
forced respiration, increased volume of air taken in during breathing, characterized by deep breathing
75
Four Pulmonary Volumes
- Resting Tidal Volume (Vt)
- Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
- Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
- Residual Volume (RV)
76
Tidal Volume (Vt)
- volume of air moving into or out of lungs during quiet breathing
- Female: 500mL
- Male: 500mL
77
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
- Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled above tidal volume
- Female: 1900 mL
- Male: 3300 mL
78
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
- Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled below tidal volume
- Female: 700 mL
- Male: 1000 mL
79
Residual Volume (RV)
- Volume of air that remains in respiratory system after a maximal exhalation
- Female: 1100 mL
- Male: 1200 mL
80
Four Calculated Respiratory Volumes
- Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
- Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
- Vital Capacity
- Total Lung
81
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
The maximum volume of air that can be inspired after reaching the end of a normal, quiet expiration
-Vt + IRV
- Female: 1900 mL
- Male: 3800 mL
82
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
the volume remaining in the lungs after a normal, passive exhalation
- ERV + RV
- Female: 1800 mL
- Male: 2200 mL
83
Vital Capacity
the maximum amount of air you can forcibly exhale from your lungs after fully inhaling
- Female: 3100 mL
- Male: 4800 mL
84
Total Lung Capacity
the volume of air in the lungs upon the maximum effort of inspiration
- Female: 4200 mL
- Male: 6000 mL
85
Atelectasis
collapsing of the alveoli
86
Name the Lymphatic Trunks
- 2 jugular trunks
- 2 subclavian trunks
- 2 bronchomediastinal trunks
- 2 lumbar trunks
- 1 intestinal trunk
