Exam 3 Nutrition and Diet Flashcards
what is nutrition?
the science of food interaction with body (growth/function vs obesity/malnutrition)
what is diet?
the total of food/foodstuff and drinks ingested
what is wellness?
a nutritional status; the absence of disease
how do we determine nutritional status?
biological factors like genotype and psychological factors like desire to eat
T/F: nutrition is the science of food and how food interact with out body and affect health
true
what are the forms of nutrients?
carbs, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water (universal solvent), oxygen
what are macronutrients
nutrients required in relatively large amounts i.e. carbs, fats and oils, and proteins
what are micronutrients
nutrients required in smaller amounts i.e. vitamins and minerals and body/biological functions
what is the first source of energy
carbohydrates
what is the last energy resort?
proteins
fats provide?
energy storage, phospholipids for membranes, and signaling molecules
fiber is present in and its main role?
found in unprocessed cereals, legumes, vegetables, and fruits; regulates gut motility and transit
the 3 enzymes used in hydrolysis of carbs?
- a-amylase (random polysacc)
- b-amylase (ordered disacc/maltose)
- debranching enzyme
what is the glycemic index (GI)?
quantitative and handling of carbohydrate containing foods
low GI signifies
release glucose slowly
high GI signifies
athlete; need glucose released abundantly but bad in cases of diabetes
proteins are important for
- building cells and tissues
- maintaining bones
- repairing damage
- regulating metabolism
what are the fat-soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K; stored in body
what are the water soluble vitamins
C and B; not stored need steady amounts
our body require at least 100 mg per day of the MAJOR minerals such as:
calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and chloride
we require less than 100 mg per day of trace minerals such as:
iron, zinc, copper, iodine, and fluoride
T/F: proteins are a primary energy source
false
T/F: all vitamins must be consumed daily to support optimal health
false
what organs/tissues “talk” to the hypothalamus
stomach via ghrelin, pancreas via insulin, adipose tissue via leptin
what is the basal metabolic rate/BMR?
energy needed to stay alive at rest; (24*body weight in kg) BMR = Kcal/day
what is the daily energy expenditure?
(activity factor)*(BMR)
the BMR and daily energy expenditure for a 50 kg woman who runs 10 miles each day and is an aerobic exercise instructor at night is:
1200 and 2040
she is highly active = activity factor of 1.7
BMR = 2450
daily energy expinditure = 12001.7
what is the recommended dietary allowances/RDA?
average daily intake level required to meet 97-98% of people in a particular category
what is the estimated average requirement/EAR?
average daily intake level of a nutrient that will meet the needs of half of the people in a particular category; determines RDA of a nutrient
what is adequate intake/AI?
minimal daily level of a nutrient
what is tolerable upper intake level/UL?
food considered “safe”; highest average daily intake level
what is estimated energy requirement/EER?
average dietary energy intake (kcal) to maintain energy balance; based on age, gender, weight, height, level of physical activity
what is acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges/AMDR?
depends on age; portion of energy intake that should come from each macronutrient
T/F: the recommended daily allowance is the maximum amount of nutrient that people should consume to support normal body functions
false; average daily intake level required to meet the needs of 97-98% of people in a particular category
50 kg adult woman who runs 10 miles each day and is an aerobic exercise instructor at night she consumes 2000 kcal/day consisting of 67g of fat, 60g of protein, and 290g of carbs. Calculate the percentage of each nutrient
fat 30%, protein 12%, carb 58%
- fat kcal = 67g*9kcal/g = 603kcal/day; fat % = 603/2000 = 30% (normal)
- protein kcal = 60g*4kcal/g = 240kcal/day; protein % = 240/2000 = 12% (normal)
- carb kcal = 290*4kcal/g = 1160kcal/day; carb % = 1160/2000 = 58% (normal)
BMI =
weight(kg)/height(m)^2
obesity is a state of:
excess adipose tissue mass
malnutrition: marasmus
severe starvation; wasting, using proteins to survive
malnutrition: cachexia
increase in proinflammatory cytokines to increase protein degradation and characterized by anorexia
