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Biochemistry > Exam 3 Integration of Metabolism > Flashcards

Exam 3 Integration of Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

aas are _ into acetyl coA

A

deaminated

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2
Q

carbohydrates are digested into monosaccharides where they enter _ to make acetyl coA

A

glycolysis

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3
Q

FAs undergo _ into acetyl coA

A

B-oxidation

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4
Q

we can have glycogen metabolism via the key molecule _

A

G6P

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5
Q

formation of pyruvate from _ via _

A

from G6P via glycolysis or gluconeogenesis

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6
Q

formation of ribose-5-phosphate from _ via _

A

from G6P via PP pathway

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7
Q

formation of acetyl coA from _ via _

A

pyruvate via pyruvate dehydrogenase

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8
Q

formation of lactate from _ via _

A

from pyruvate via lactate dehydrogenase (exercising muscle)

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9
Q

formation of alanine from _ via _

A

pyruvate via transaminase

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10
Q

formation of OAA from _ via _

A

pyruvate via TCA cycle

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11
Q

formation of CO2 from _ via _

A

acetyl coA via TCA cycle

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12
Q

formation of ketone bodies from _

A

from excess acetyl coA (ketone body metabolism)

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13
Q

formation of FAs from _

A

acetyl coA (building block)

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14
Q

preferred energy source of RBCs?

A

glucose because has no other organelles

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15
Q

preferred energy source of brain?

A

glucose and ketone bodies under conditions of starvation

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16
Q

preferred energy source of adipose tissue?

A

glucose and FAs

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17
Q

preferred energy source of liver?

A

FAs; liver may be a “hub” for all energy sources but for itself, prefers FAs for B-oxidation for its own energy needs (for liver cells)

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18
Q

preferred energy source of muscles?

A

glucose, FAs, aas

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19
Q

why is the liver the “MVP” of metabolism?

A
  • processes most incoming nutrients via HPV
  • responds quickly to dietary conditions (makes sure every organ/tissue gets its nutrition and provides constant nutrient level in the blood)
  • synthesizes and secretes proteins for rest of body (plasma proteins, antibodies, acute phase proteins)
  • processes toxins and wastes
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20
Q

aas go directly to the liver through _ after absorption

A

portal vein

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21
Q

liver uses aas to make:

A

proteins, biosynthesis of nitrogen-containing molecules, for gluconeogenesis, or for feul

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22
Q

adipose tissue synthesizes and stores _ as signaled by _

A

synthesizes and stores TAGs as signaled by insulin (fed state)

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23
Q

adipose tissue releases _ + _ as signaled by _

A

releases FAs + glycerol as signaled by glucagon/epinephrine (hunger, exercise)

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24
Q

FAs are transported in the blood via _ to

A

via albumin to muscle, heart, liver

25
Q

the brain has no significant energy reserves which means…

A

relies on circulation with blood bringing glucose and oxygen

26
Q

brain uses 20% of total _ consumed by resting human (only 2% of body mass)

A

oxygen (O2)

27
Q

the brain switches to _ for energy needs (starvation) which are metabolized by _ to prevent _ breakdown for energy pruposes

A

switches to ketone bodies metabolized by TCA cycle and prevents protein breakdown

28
Q

cardiac muscle is exclusively _

A

aerobic

29
Q

_, _, _, and _ serve as fuel for the heart

A

glucose, lactate, FAs, and ketone bodies

30
Q

lack of O2 in heart leads to _

A

tissue death (MI)

31
Q

is skeletal muscle rich in glycogen?

A

yes; contains 75% of body’s glycogen stores

32
Q

skeletal muscle uses _ for glycolysis

A

G6P for glycolysis as lacks glucose-6-phosphatase

33
Q

skeletal muscle, besides glycogen, uses _ and _ for energy

A

FAs and ketone bodies

34
Q

what fuel source immediately provides energy

A

phosphagen: regeneration of ATP by phosphocreatine via phosphocreatine kinase

35
Q

what fuel source provides short-term energy

A

anaerobic glycolysis and glycogenolysis; oxidation of free blood glucose into pyruvate or glycogen into glucose

36
Q

what fuel source provides long-term energy

A

oxidative system i.e. oxidative phosphorylation and FA metabolism

37
Q

phosphocreatine stored in _ to quickly regenerate ATP from ADP

A

muscle

38
Q

anaerobic glycolysis and glycogenolysis provides short-term energy and next forms lactate which causes decrease in _ which makes the shift into what?

A

glycogen->G6P->pyruvate->lactate; lactate causes decrease in power and muscle fatigue which causes the shift to a longer, more sustainable energy production system (OxPhos)

39
Q

what is the fate of lactate?

A

cori cyle which is the cooperation between muscle and liver; regenerates glucose from lactate (glycolysis forms pyruvate which forms lactate, lactate travels in the blood and is picked up by liver to undergo gluconeogenesis to form glucose which is transported back into the blood and is picked up by muscle)

40
Q

OxPhos provides energy via?

A
  • involves ETC in mito to result in reduction of co-enzymes; forms NADH
  • oxidation of coenzymes NADH and FADH2 forms 3 and 2 ATP respectively
  • produces ATP via ATP synthase
41
Q

energy charge of a cell is defined as the ration of

A

ATP to ADP; ratio high in energy-rich cells and low in cells that are low in energy

42
Q

the reducing power of a cell is defined by

A
43
Q

when ATP levels are low, TCA cycle is _

A

up-regulated to produce more NADH as substrate for OxPhos

44
Q

when ATP levels are high, TCA cycle is _

A

down-regulated to limit the amount of NADH created and oxidized by the ETC

45
Q

cholecystokinin (CCK) is secreted by _ in response to _

A

secreted by SI in response to a meal; induce satiety signals as bind to receptors in brain and potentiate insulin action in the pancreas

46
Q

glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP1) is secreted by _ in response to _

A

secreted by cells in SI in response to fed state; tells pancreas to secrete more insulin

47
Q

short-term signals from GI tract relay feelings of _

A

satiety from gut to various regions of the brain

48
Q

CCK is a _ hormone secreted into the blood as a _ signal

A

is a peptide hormone secreted into the blood as a postprandial signal

49
Q

CCK binds to its receptor _ located in _

A

GPCR located in various peripheral neurons that relay signals to the brain

50
Q

ghrelin works as:

A

a peptide secreted by stomach to act on regions of hypothalamus to stimulate appetite

51
Q

leptin works as:

A

secreted in direct proportion to fat mass to act on receptor in hypothalamus to inhibit food intake and stimulate energy expenditure

52
Q

what are the 2 key signal molecules to regulate energy homeostasis over time (long-term)

A
  1. leptin secreted by adipocytes reports on status of TAG stores
  2. insulin secreted by beta cells of pancreas reports on status of blood glucose (carb availability)
53
Q

what happens in the liver during the fed state?

A

increase in:

  • glycolysis
  • glycogen synthesis
  • TG synthesis (TG goes into VLDLs as TAGs)
54
Q

what happens in the liver during the fasting state?

A
  • glycogenolysis
  • gluconeogenesis
  • FA oxidation
  • ketone body formation
55
Q

what is the overall energy sensor in cells?

A

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is the cellular energy sensor

56
Q

when ATP is high, AMPK is _

A

inactive

57
Q

when ATP is low, AMPK is _

A

allosterically activated and phosphorylates many targets controlling cellular energy production and consumption

58
Q

AMPK is allosterically activated by _ which provides competition

A

competition between ATP and AMP

Biochemistry (32 decks)

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