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Biochemistry > Exam 3 AA Metabolism II (synthesis) > Flashcards

Exam 3 AA Metabolism II (synthesis) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the metabolites from glycolysis to synthesize aas?

A
  1. 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PG)
  2. PEP
  3. pyruvate
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2
Q

what are the metabolites from TCA cycle to synthesize aas?

A
  1. a-ketoglutarate

2. OAA

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3
Q

what are the metabolites from PP pathway to synthesize aas?

A
  1. ribose-5-phosphate

2. erythrose-5-phosphate

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4
Q

what is important about arginine (Arg, R) being an essential aa?

A

we don’t make enough

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5
Q

what does ALT exchange (transamination)

A

pyruvate to alanine (Ala, A)

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6
Q

what does AST exchange (transamination)

A

OAA to aspartate (Asp, D)

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7
Q

what does glutamate dehydrogenase exchange (transamination)

A

a-ketogluturate to glutamate (Glu, E)

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8
Q

aspartate fates: what aa do we get when glutamine (Gln, Q) donates an NH3 to aspartate?

A

asparagine (Asn, N)

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9
Q

aspartate fates: what are the essential aas can be made from aspartate? And how are there synthesis regulated?

A

lysine (Lys, K), methionine (Met, M), threonine (Thr, T). Tightly regulated by feedback inhibition

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10
Q

glutamine fates: how do we get glutamine from glutamate?

A

glutamine is used to transport free NH4+ to the liver in a non-toxic form so an ammonium ion is added to glutamate (non-muscle cells)

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11
Q

what is adenylylation?

A

addition of a ribonucleotide monophosphate = +AMP by adenylyl transferase (AT)

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12
Q

what is uridylylation?

A

+UMP by uridylyl transferase (UT)

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13
Q

how do we get glutamine synthesis feedforward activation?

A

substrates a-ketoglutarate and ATP activate PII-UMP which then associates with AT to undergo deadenylylation and glutamine synthetase is active

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14
Q

how do we get glutamine synthesis feedback inhibition?

A

product glutamine maintains PII which associates with AT to undergo adenylylation and glutamine synthetase is inactive

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15
Q

what aas can be synthesized from glutamate (Glu, E)?

A

proline (Pro, P) and ornithine (which is arginine minus urea)

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16
Q

serine (Ser, S) is a derivative of _

A

3-phosphoglycerate

17
Q

glycine (Gly, G) is a derivative of _

A

serine which is derived from 3-phosphoglycerate

18
Q

cysteine (Cys, C) is a derivative of _

A

serine which is derived from 3-phosphoglycerate

19
Q

tyrosine (Try, Y) is a catabolic intermediate of _

A

phenylalanine (Phe, F)

20
Q

aromatic aas are derived from intermediates originating from

A

PP pathway (not in humans)

21
Q

the branched aas: valine (Val, V), leucine (Leu, L), and isoleucine (Ile, I) are derivatives of

A

pyruvate

22
Q

2 central aas: serine can become what? (5)

A
  1. contribute to phospholipids
  2. pyruvate (via ammonium lyase)
  3. cysteine
  4. glycine (via remove side chain from serine)
  5. contribute to THF
23
Q

2 central aas: glycine can become what?

A
  1. purine nucleotides biosynthesis
  2. serine
  3. contribute to THF
  4. porphyrins, glutathione, creatine phosphate
24
Q

heme is a _ derivative

A

glycine

25
Q

porphyrias is a deficiency in

A

heme synthesis; heme is a derivative of glycine

26
Q

what kind of aa absorb light

A

aliphatic aas

27
Q

glutathione, polyamines, and GABA are derived from _

A

glutamate

28
Q

glutathione is an _
polyamines stabilize _
GABA is an _

A

glutathione is an ANTIOXIDANT
polyamines stabilize DNA
GABA is an INHIB NEUROTRANSMITTER

29
Q

what are the arginine derived molecules

A

NO a good free radical and creatine phosphate

30
Q

_ is the primary methyl donor in cells

A

SAM

31
Q

what are the histidine (His, H) derived molecules?

A

histamine

32
Q

what are the tryptophan (Trp, W) derived molecules?

A

serotonin which is also a precursor for melatonin

33
Q

what are the tyrosine derived molecules?

A

L-dopa

34
Q

L-dopa can be _ to created hormones and _ to create pigments

A

decarboxylated to create hormones and oxidized to create pigments

35
Q

what are tyrosine derived hormones/catecholamines

A

epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine is the neurtoransmitter version; also dopamine

36
Q

decr dopamine is associated with _ and incre dopamine is associated with _

A
  • decr dopamine = Parkinson’s Disease and ADHD

- incr dopamine = schizophrenia and drug addiction

37
Q

what are the tyrosine derived pigments?

A

dopaquinine is processed to form melanin pigments

38
Q

albinism is a deficiency of _

A

tyrosinase

39
Q

dark hair has more _-melanins and light hair has more _-melanins

A

dark has more EUmelanins and light hair has more PHEOmelanins

Biochemistry (32 decks)

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