Exam 3 AA Metabolism II (synthesis) Flashcards
what are the metabolites from glycolysis to synthesize aas?
- 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PG)
- PEP
- pyruvate
what are the metabolites from TCA cycle to synthesize aas?
- a-ketoglutarate
2. OAA
what are the metabolites from PP pathway to synthesize aas?
- ribose-5-phosphate
2. erythrose-5-phosphate
what is important about arginine (Arg, R) being an essential aa?
we don’t make enough
what does ALT exchange (transamination)
pyruvate to alanine (Ala, A)
what does AST exchange (transamination)
OAA to aspartate (Asp, D)
what does glutamate dehydrogenase exchange (transamination)
a-ketogluturate to glutamate (Glu, E)
aspartate fates: what aa do we get when glutamine (Gln, Q) donates an NH3 to aspartate?
asparagine (Asn, N)
aspartate fates: what are the essential aas can be made from aspartate? And how are there synthesis regulated?
lysine (Lys, K), methionine (Met, M), threonine (Thr, T). Tightly regulated by feedback inhibition
glutamine fates: how do we get glutamine from glutamate?
glutamine is used to transport free NH4+ to the liver in a non-toxic form so an ammonium ion is added to glutamate (non-muscle cells)
what is adenylylation?
addition of a ribonucleotide monophosphate = +AMP by adenylyl transferase (AT)
what is uridylylation?
+UMP by uridylyl transferase (UT)
how do we get glutamine synthesis feedforward activation?
substrates a-ketoglutarate and ATP activate PII-UMP which then associates with AT to undergo deadenylylation and glutamine synthetase is active
how do we get glutamine synthesis feedback inhibition?
product glutamine maintains PII which associates with AT to undergo adenylylation and glutamine synthetase is inactive
what aas can be synthesized from glutamate (Glu, E)?
proline (Pro, P) and ornithine (which is arginine minus urea)
serine (Ser, S) is a derivative of _
3-phosphoglycerate
glycine (Gly, G) is a derivative of _
serine which is derived from 3-phosphoglycerate
cysteine (Cys, C) is a derivative of _
serine which is derived from 3-phosphoglycerate
tyrosine (Try, Y) is a catabolic intermediate of _
phenylalanine (Phe, F)
aromatic aas are derived from intermediates originating from
PP pathway (not in humans)
the branched aas: valine (Val, V), leucine (Leu, L), and isoleucine (Ile, I) are derivatives of
pyruvate
2 central aas: serine can become what? (5)
- contribute to phospholipids
- pyruvate (via ammonium lyase)
- cysteine
- glycine (via remove side chain from serine)
- contribute to THF
2 central aas: glycine can become what?
- purine nucleotides biosynthesis
- serine
- contribute to THF
- porphyrins, glutathione, creatine phosphate
heme is a _ derivative
glycine
porphyrias is a deficiency in
heme synthesis; heme is a derivative of glycine
what kind of aa absorb light
aliphatic aas
glutathione, polyamines, and GABA are derived from _
glutamate
glutathione is an _
polyamines stabilize _
GABA is an _
glutathione is an ANTIOXIDANT
polyamines stabilize DNA
GABA is an INHIB NEUROTRANSMITTER
what are the arginine derived molecules
NO a good free radical and creatine phosphate
_ is the primary methyl donor in cells
SAM
what are the histidine (His, H) derived molecules?
histamine
what are the tryptophan (Trp, W) derived molecules?
serotonin which is also a precursor for melatonin
what are the tyrosine derived molecules?
L-dopa
L-dopa can be _ to created hormones and _ to create pigments
decarboxylated to create hormones and oxidized to create pigments
what are tyrosine derived hormones/catecholamines
epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine is the neurtoransmitter version; also dopamine
decr dopamine is associated with _ and incre dopamine is associated with _
- decr dopamine = Parkinson’s Disease and ADHD
- incr dopamine = schizophrenia and drug addiction
what are the tyrosine derived pigments?
dopaquinine is processed to form melanin pigments
albinism is a deficiency of _
tyrosinase
dark hair has more _-melanins and light hair has more _-melanins
dark has more EUmelanins and light hair has more PHEOmelanins
