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Biochemistry > Exam 2 lecture 14 Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Exam 2 lecture 14 Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

constitutional isomers: order of atoms changes or stays the same?

A

changes

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2
Q

tautomers are _ isomers?

A

constitutional

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3
Q

what are the carbohydrate tautomers?

A

aldose andketose

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4
Q

fisher projections are the _ versions of carbohydrates

A

linear

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5
Q

stereoisomers have the _ connectivity but _ spatial organizations
think about rotation

A

the same connectivity but different spatial organizations

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6
Q

configurational isomers have _ carbons

A

chiral carbons

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7
Q

enantiomers are mirror images at _ centers

A

all chiral centers

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8
Q

D-sugars are nonproteinogenic or proteinogenic?

A

nonproteinogenic

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9
Q

L-sugars are nonproteinogenic or proteinogenic?

A

proteinogenic

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10
Q

T/F: Diastereomers have multiple chiral centers. Not all chiral carbons are mirror images

A

true

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11
Q

alpha is _ betat is _ when converting from Fisher to Haworth

A

alpha is down beta is up

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12
Q

anomers differ at the anomeric carbon only! which means?

A

alpha vs beta

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13
Q

epimers differ at any OTHER carbon than the anomeric carbon. this means?

A

same alpha or beta but differ something else (left/right)

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14
Q

L side goes _ D side goes _ when converting from Fisher to Haworth

A

L side goes up D side goes down

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15
Q

conformational isomers have _ rotation changes

A

reversible rotation around our single bond. cannot change the order around the chiral carbon

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16
Q

example of a conformational isomer?

A

nucleotides as shown with sugars and the nitrogenous base. Sugar puckers exist

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17
Q

Endo, chair, boat, sugar pucker are what type of isomer?

A

conformational isomer

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18
Q

glycoside are formed when _

A

one or more hydroxyls are replaced

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19
Q

glycosides:

phosphorylation happens on:

A

esters

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20
Q

glycosides:

alcohols undergo

A

oxidation and reduction

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21
Q

glycosides:

amino sugars and nucleotides have _ linkages

A

N-linkages

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22
Q

glycosides:

methylation and toxins have _ linkages

A

O-linkages

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23
Q

glycosides:

fucose replaces OH with _

A

methyl group

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24
Q

fucose is a _ derivative

A

galactose

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25
Q

fucose is only _-monosaccharide made and used by mammals

A

L-monosaccharide

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26
Q

T/F: fucose is part of the A/B/O blood antigens

A

true

27
Q

excess free fucose in blood =

A

liver damage, cancer, diabetes, heart disease

28
Q

phosphorylation of monosaccarides adds _ charge important for?

A

negative charges that prevents sugars from spontaneously leaving the cell by crossing the lipid bilayer membranes and prevent from interacting with transporters of the unmodified sugar

29
Q

phosphorylation of monosaccarides creates _ intermediates important for?

A

reactive intermediates that will more readily undergo metabolism

30
Q

oxidation of monosaccardies creates _ sugars because they are oxidized at the carbonyl This also makes…

A

creates reducing sugars. creates acids and lactones

need free anomeric carbon

31
Q

glucose is a reducing or non-reducing sugar?

A

reducing sugar

32
Q

reduction of monosaccarides at the carbonyl makes _

A

alditols

33
Q

alditols:

sorbitol can cause _ if it accumulates in the lens of the eye

A

cataracts

34
Q

an O-glycosidic bond links:

A

anomeric carbon atom of a carbohydrate and oxygen atom of an alcohol

35
Q

an N-glycosidic bond links:

A

anomeric carbon atom of a sugar linked to the nitrogen atom of an amine

36
Q

an example of O-glycosidic bond:

A

carbohydrates are linked to form long polymers and when they are attached to proteins

37
Q

an example of N-glycosidic bond?

A

when a nitrogenous bases are attached to ribose units to form nuclosides

38
Q

T/F: some important toxins are N-linked glycosides

A

False. O-LINKED

sugars not proteins

39
Q

what are the “regular” monosaccharides (4) of the essential monosaccarides

A
  1. D-glucose
  2. D-galactose
  3. D-Mannose
  4. D-Xylose
40
Q

what is the “oddball” monosaccharide of the essential monosaccarides

A

L-fucose (only L-monosaccaride)

41
Q

what are the amino sugars of the essential monosaccarides

A
  1. GlcNAc
  2. CalNAc
  3. Sialic acid
42
Q

what are the 3 roles of polysaccarides?

A
  1. glucose storage
  2. structure
  3. protein diversity
43
Q

branched connectivity of polysaccarides happens at:

A

1,6

44
Q

unbranched connectivity of polysaccarides happens at:

A

1,4

45
Q

glucose storage uses _ linkages

A

alpha

46
Q

structural polysaccarides (ex chitin) uses _ linkages

A

beta

47
Q

sugars in glycoproteins are attached to the amide nitrogen atom in the side chain of _ termed N-linkage

A

asparagine

48
Q

3 common disaccharides

A
  1. sucrose
  2. lactose
  3. . maltose
49
Q

disaccharide consists of 2 sugars joined by _-glycosidic bond

A

O-glycosidic bond

50
Q

sugars in glycoprotiens are attached to the amide nitrogen atom in the side chain _ or _ termed O-linkaged

A

serine or threonine

51
Q

_ is the storage form of glucose

A

glycogen

52
Q

nutritional reservoir in plants is starch which there are 2 forms:

A
  1. amylose which is unbranched

2. amylopectin which is branched

53
Q

T/F: the polysaccharide of glucose found in plants and plays a structural role is cellulose

A

true

54
Q

a carbohydrate group covalently attached to a protein forms a

A

glycoprotein

55
Q

Glycoprotiens:

1: glycoproteins, by weight have more _ than _
2. carbohydrates added on membrane proteins are for:
3. carbohydrates added on soluble proteins are for:

A
  1. glycoproteins have more protein than sugar by weight
  2. cell adhesion
  3. cell signaling
56
Q

erythropoietin is a glycoprotein hormone that stimulates:

A

RBC production

57
Q

GlcNAc is a glycoprotein whos presence is indicative of:

A

cellular energy stores

58
Q

Glycoprotiens:

  1. glycosamminoglycans are more _ than _ by weight
  2. have repeating _ units
  3. their sugar component is _
A
  1. more sugar than protein by weight
  2. dissacharide units
  3. sugar component of proteoglycans
59
Q

proteoglycans are proteins attached to glycosaminoglycans and have important structural roles. given that info, what are some examples of proteoglycans?

A

cartilge
blood clotting
chitin

60
Q

Glycoproteins:

  1. mucins are more _ than _ by weight
  2. offer protection + hydration = _
A
  1. more sugar than protein by weight

2. lubrication

61
Q

T/F: glycolipids decorate cell membranes and are used to recognize self from other

A

true

62
Q

Type O/A/B:

O to B is addition of _

A

galactose (monsaccaride)

63
Q

Type O/A/B:

O to A difference is a modified _

A

galactose (N-acetylgalactosamine)

64
Q

Type O/A/B:

A to B difference on _

A

N-linked acetyl

Biochemistry (32 decks)

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