Exam 3 - Module 9 Flashcards
What are the main types of organic reactions?
Acid/Base, Substitution, Elimination, Addition, REDOX, Isomerization.
What is an acid/base reaction?
The transfer of protons from one species to another.
What is a substitution reaction?
Switching one group for another on a molecule.
What is an elimination reaction?
The removal of a group completely from a molecule.
What is an addition reaction?
The addition of a group to a molecule.
What defines REDOX reactions?
Changing the oxidation state of a group on a molecule.
What is isomerization?
The rearrangement of groups within the same molecule.
What is a nucleophile?
An electron-rich species, such as anions, heteroatoms with lone pair electrons, alkenes, and alkynes.
What is an electrophile?
An electron-poor species, such as carbocations, carbonyl groups, alkenes, and alkynes.
What do catalysts do in reactions?
They increase the rate of a reaction.
Do all biochemical reactions use enzymes and cofactors as catalysts?
Yes, all biochemical reactions utilize enzymes and cofactors as catalysts.
How common are acid/base reactions?
They are one of the most common reaction types.
What is typically the purpose of acid/base reactions?
To form a reactive species during the reaction.
Can acid/base reactions involve both Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis acids and bases?
Yes, they can involve either.
What is nucleophilic substitution?
The addition of a nucleophile to an electrophile.
What is aromatic substitution?
The substitution of a hydrogen on an aromatic ring with another group.
What is acyl substitution?
The addition of a nucleophile to a carbonyl-containing group such as esters, amides, carboxylic acids, sulfonate groups, or phosphate groups.
What happens in elimination reactions?
A group is removed from the molecule.
What happens in addition reactions?
A group is added to the molecule.
What is oxidation in REDOX reactions?
An increase in the number of bonds to oxygen or nitrogen and a decrease in the number of bonds to hydrogen.
What is reduction in REDOX reactions?
A decrease in the number of bonds to oxygen or nitrogen and an increase in the number of bonds to hydrogen.
What is catalysis?
It increases the reaction rate by lowering activation energy.
Do catalysts appear in the final product of a reaction?
No, they do not appear in the product.
Are catalysts consumed during the reaction process?
No, they are not consumed.
What are enzymes?
Globular proteins that act as catalysts.
What are the main characteristics of enzymes?
Efficiency, specificity, and regulation.
How do enzymes compare to typical chemical catalysts in terms of efficiency?
Enzymes work better than typical chemical catalysts.
What makes enzymes specific?
They are specific to individual chemical processes.
Can enzymes regulate based on metabolic and environmental conditions?
Yes, they can adapt to different conditions.
What are cofactors?
Non-protein components required for enzymes to perform their role.
Where do cofactors bind?
They bind within the enzyme to promote enzymatic processes.
What are the two types of cofactors?
Inorganic ions (e.g., Mg, Zn, Cu) and organic coenzymes (typically derived from vitamins).
What are the main enzyme classes?
Transferase, Hydrolase, Oxidoreductase, Lyase, Ligase, Isomerase.
What do transferases do?
They transfer functional groups from one substrate to another.
What do hydrolases do?
They break bonds using water (hydrolysis).
What do oxidoreductases catalyze?
REDOX reactions.
What do lyases catalyze?
Elimination reactions.
What do ligases do?
They join two molecules together.
What do isomerases do?
They catalyze structural shifts within the same molecule.
What is the role of acyl transferases?
Transfer an acyl (carbonyl) group.
What do kinases transfer?
Phosphate groups.
What do transaminases transfer?
Amino groups.
What do methyl transferases transfer?
Methyl groups.
What do DNA/RNA transferases transfer?
Methyl groups onto cytosine (DNA) or uracil (RNA).
What do lipases hydrolyze?
Fats.
What do esterases hydrolyze?
Esters.
What do phosphatases hydrolyze?
Phosphates.
What do nucleases hydrolyze?
Nucleic acids (essential for DNA repair).
What do glycosidases hydrolyze?
Carbohydrates.
What does saponification convert?
Triglycerides into fatty acids (making soap).
What do oxidases do?
Transfer electrons or hydrogen to oxygen.
What do oxygenases do?
Transfer oxygen to a substrate.
