Exam 3 - Module 7 Flashcards
What does a Lewis Structure represent in a molecular structure?
Valence electrons as dots around atoms and bonds as lines between atoms.
How many electrons are represented in a single bond in a Lewis Structure?
Two electrons.
What type of bond is represented by two lines in a Lewis Structure?
A double bond, representing four electrons.
What do three lines between atoms represent in a Lewis Structure?
A triple bond (6 electrons).
What are Bond-Angle Structures used for?
Specifically for organic structures.
When are carbon atoms drawn in Bond-Angle Formulas?
They are not drawn unless showing something specific.
When are hydrogen atoms drawn in Bond-Angle Formulas?
When attached to a heteroatom like N, O, S, or P.
When are heteroatoms drawn in Bond-Angle Structures?
Heteroatoms are always drawn.
What does it indicate when two lines meet in a Bond-Angle Structure?
A carbon atom is present at that point.
When are bonds between carbon and heteroatoms drawn?
They may be drawn when part of a ring or chain.
What about bonds between heteroatoms and hydrogens in Bond-Angle Formulas?
They may be drawn when showing something specific.
Are lone pair electrons typically drawn in Bond-Angle Formulas?
No, they may be drawn when showing something specific.
What are examples of functional groups in organic chemistry?
Alkanes (C–C), Alkenes (C=C), Alkynes (C≡C), Halides (C–X), Alcohols (C–OH), Aldehydes, Ketones, Esters, Amides, Carboxylic Acids, Ethers (C–O–C), Thiol (C–SH), Sulfide (C–S–R), Amines (C–N), Carbonyl (C=O).
How do you identify the parent chain in organic nomenclature?
It is the longest chain of carbon atoms containing the highest priority functional group.
What are substituents in organic chemistry?
Anything attached to the parent chain.
What are the systematic rules for numbering atoms in organic compounds?
Ensure the highest priority group has the lowest possible number.
How are stereochemistry and prioritization determined in organic structures?
Based on separate prioritization of groups attached to tetrahedral carbons or alkenes.
What is the naming convention for organic compounds?
(Stereochemistry)(Substituents)(Parent Chain).
What is the prefix for a parent chain with 4 carbon atoms?
But-.
What suffix is used for alkenes?
-ene.
How are substituents with multiple atoms numbered?
Sequentially to give the highest priority functional group the lowest possible number.
What is a stereocenter in organic chemistry?
A carbon atom with four different groups attached.
How are stereocenters labeled based on priority?
Clockwise (R) or counterclockwise (S).
How are stereocenters in alkenes labeled?
Z if the priority groups are on the same side, E if on opposite sides.
What are enantiomers in stereochemistry?
Stereoisomers with all stereocenters switched between two structures.
What is the relationship between enantiomers’ physical properties?
They share all physical properties except optical rotation.
What are diastereomers in stereochemistry?
Stereoisomers with at least one stereocenter the same and one different.
What is a benzene ring known for in organic chemistry?
It is a very stable hydrocarbon.
What are examples of aromatic rings in organic chemistry?
Benzene, Pyrrole, Furan, Thiophene, Imidazole, Pyridine, Pyrimidine, Indole.
What is a heterocycle?
A ring system that contains at least one heteroatom.
Why are heterocycles common in pharmaceuticals?
They increase water solubility and bioavailability.
What are examples of functional groups found in methotrexate?
Carboxylic Acid, Ester, Benzene.
What drug classes include morphine and benzodiazepines?
Steroids, Quinines, Penicillins, Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines, Anesthetics, Morphines, Benzomorphans, Phenylpiperidines.
What is an example of a fused benzene ring?
Fullerene, also known as a ‘Bucky Ball’.
What are some common names for substituted benzenes?
Formaldehyde, Formamide, Formic acid, Acetone, Acetophenone, Acetaldehyde, Acetamide, Acetic acid, Benzophenone, Benzaldehyde, Benzamide, Benzoic acid.
