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Chemistry > Exam 3 - Module 7 > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Module 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does a Lewis Structure represent in a molecular structure?

A

Valence electrons as dots around atoms and bonds as lines between atoms.

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2
Q

How many electrons are represented in a single bond in a Lewis Structure?

A

Two electrons.

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3
Q

What type of bond is represented by two lines in a Lewis Structure?

A

A double bond, representing four electrons.

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4
Q

What do three lines between atoms represent in a Lewis Structure?

A

A triple bond (6 electrons).

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5
Q

What are Bond-Angle Structures used for?

A

Specifically for organic structures.

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6
Q

When are carbon atoms drawn in Bond-Angle Formulas?

A

They are not drawn unless showing something specific.

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7
Q

When are hydrogen atoms drawn in Bond-Angle Formulas?

A

When attached to a heteroatom like N, O, S, or P.

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8
Q

When are heteroatoms drawn in Bond-Angle Structures?

A

Heteroatoms are always drawn.

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9
Q

What does it indicate when two lines meet in a Bond-Angle Structure?

A

A carbon atom is present at that point.

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10
Q

When are bonds between carbon and heteroatoms drawn?

A

They may be drawn when part of a ring or chain.

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11
Q

What about bonds between heteroatoms and hydrogens in Bond-Angle Formulas?

A

They may be drawn when showing something specific.

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12
Q

Are lone pair electrons typically drawn in Bond-Angle Formulas?

A

No, they may be drawn when showing something specific.

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13
Q

What are examples of functional groups in organic chemistry?

A

Alkanes (C–C), Alkenes (C=C), Alkynes (C≡C), Halides (C–X), Alcohols (C–OH), Aldehydes, Ketones, Esters, Amides, Carboxylic Acids, Ethers (C–O–C), Thiol (C–SH), Sulfide (C–S–R), Amines (C–N), Carbonyl (C=O).

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14
Q

How do you identify the parent chain in organic nomenclature?

A

It is the longest chain of carbon atoms containing the highest priority functional group.

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15
Q

What are substituents in organic chemistry?

A

Anything attached to the parent chain.

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16
Q

What are the systematic rules for numbering atoms in organic compounds?

A

Ensure the highest priority group has the lowest possible number.

17
Q

How are stereochemistry and prioritization determined in organic structures?

A

Based on separate prioritization of groups attached to tetrahedral carbons or alkenes.

18
Q

What is the naming convention for organic compounds?

A

(Stereochemistry)(Substituents)(Parent Chain).

19
Q

What is the prefix for a parent chain with 4 carbon atoms?

A

But-.

20
Q

What suffix is used for alkenes?

A

-ene.

21
Q

How are substituents with multiple atoms numbered?

A

Sequentially to give the highest priority functional group the lowest possible number.

22
Q

What is a stereocenter in organic chemistry?

A

A carbon atom with four different groups attached.

23
Q

How are stereocenters labeled based on priority?

A

Clockwise (R) or counterclockwise (S).

24
Q

How are stereocenters in alkenes labeled?

A

Z if the priority groups are on the same side, E if on opposite sides.

25
Q

What are enantiomers in stereochemistry?

A

Stereoisomers with all stereocenters switched between two structures.

26
Q

What is the relationship between enantiomers’ physical properties?

A

They share all physical properties except optical rotation.

27
Q

What are diastereomers in stereochemistry?

A

Stereoisomers with at least one stereocenter the same and one different.

28
Q

What is a benzene ring known for in organic chemistry?

A

It is a very stable hydrocarbon.

29
Q

What are examples of aromatic rings in organic chemistry?

A

Benzene, Pyrrole, Furan, Thiophene, Imidazole, Pyridine, Pyrimidine, Indole.

30
Q

What is a heterocycle?

A

A ring system that contains at least one heteroatom.

31
Q

Why are heterocycles common in pharmaceuticals?

A

They increase water solubility and bioavailability.

32
Q

What are examples of functional groups found in methotrexate?

A

Carboxylic Acid, Ester, Benzene.

33
Q

What drug classes include morphine and benzodiazepines?

A

Steroids, Quinines, Penicillins, Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines, Anesthetics, Morphines, Benzomorphans, Phenylpiperidines.

34
Q

What is an example of a fused benzene ring?

A

Fullerene, also known as a ‘Bucky Ball’.

35
Q

What are some common names for substituted benzenes?

A

Formaldehyde, Formamide, Formic acid, Acetone, Acetophenone, Acetaldehyde, Acetamide, Acetic acid, Benzophenone, Benzaldehyde, Benzamide, Benzoic acid.

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