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Chemistry > Exam 3 - module 8 > Flashcards

Exam 3 - module 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four classes of biomolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids

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2
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Polyhydroxylated macromolecules that are the main energy source for biological function.

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3
Q

What is the role of proteins?

A

Proteins are responsible for DNA replication, cell signaling, metabolic reactions, enzymatic reactions, and membrane transport.

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4
Q

What are lipids responsible for?

A

Lipids are responsible for membrane structure and energy storage.

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5
Q

What is the primary function of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleic acids are responsible for the storage and transfer of genetic information.

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6
Q

What is the key characteristic of carbohydrates in terms of oxygen?

A

Carbohydrates are highly oxygenated species that are a primary source of energy for the body.

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7
Q

What suffix is associated with sugars?

A

The suffix ‘-ose’ is used for sugars.

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8
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

A carbohydrate consisting of one sugar unit.

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9
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

A carbohydrate consisting of two sugar units.

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10
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

A carbohydrate with multiple sugar units.

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11
Q

What are simple sugars?

A

Simple sugars have straight chains of sugars that are easily broken down.

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12
Q

What are complex sugars?

A

Complex sugars have branch chains that are more difficult to break down.

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13
Q

What is an aldose?

A

An aldose is a carbohydrate with an aldehyde group.

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14
Q

What is a ketose?

A

A ketose is a carbohydrate with a ketone group.

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15
Q

What is a triose?

A

A carbohydrate with three carbon atoms.

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16
Q

What is a tetrose?

A

A carbohydrate with four carbon atoms.

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17
Q

What is a pentose?

A

A carbohydrate with five carbon atoms.

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18
Q

What is a hexose?

A

A carbohydrate with six carbon atoms.

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19
Q

What is the D-sugar?

A

A natural sugar where the last hydroxyl group is on the right side.

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20
Q

What is an L-sugar?

A

A sugar where the last hydroxyl group is on the left side.

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21
Q

What is a Fischer projection of a carbohydrate?

A

The open-form of a sugar, with the carbon chain placed vertically.

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22
Q

What is a Haworth projection?

A

The closed-form of a sugar where the last hydroxyl group cyclizes onto the carbonyl group to form a ring.

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23
Q

What are diastereomers?

A

Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other.

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24
Q

What are enantiomers?

A

Stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other.

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25
Q

What is an alpha-anomer in sugar structures?

A

A cyclic sugar where the hydroxyl group is opposite to the CH2OH group.

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26
Q

What is a beta-anomer?

A

A cyclic sugar where the hydroxyl group is on the same side as the CH2OH group.

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27
Q

What is a glycosidic bond?

A

A bond linking two sugar units in a disaccharide.

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28
Q

What are common polysaccharides?

A

Chitin, cellulose, amylose, and amylopectin.

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29
Q

What functional groups do amino acids contain?

A

An amine functional group, a carboxylic acid functional group, and a side chain.

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30
Q

How are amino acids classified by side chain polarity?

A

Amino acids are classified as nonpolar (hydrocarbons), polar (alcohols, amides, thiols), or acidic/basic (carboxylic acids, amines).

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31
Q

What determines the isoelectric point (pI) of an amino acid?

A

The average of the pKa of the amine and carboxylic acid functional groups.

32
Q

What happens when the pH is less than the pI of an amino acid?

A

The amino acid has a positive charge.

33
Q

What happens when the pH is greater than the pI of an amino acid?

A

The amino acid has a negative charge.

34
Q

What is the basic structure of an amino acid?

A

Typically drawn in bond-angle depiction or Fischer projection.

35
Q

What is a peptide?

A

A chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

36
Q

What is a dipeptide?

A

A peptide consisting of two amino acids.

37
Q

What is a tripeptide?

A

A peptide consisting of three amino acids.

38
Q

What is a tetrapeptide?

A

A peptide consisting of four amino acids.

39
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

A long, continuous, unbranched chain of amino acids.

40
Q

What are the N-terminus and C-terminus of a peptide?

A

The N-terminus is the beginning amine group, and the C-terminus is the ending carboxyl group.

41
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

An amide bond linking two amino acids.

42
Q

Why are peptide bonds stable?

A

They are fairly unreactive and hinder rotation, leading to increased stability.

43
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

The sequence of amino acids.

44
Q

What stabilizes an alpha helix?

A

Intramolecular hydrogen bonding.

45
Q

What stabilizes a beta sheet?

A

Intermolecular hydrogen bonding.

46
Q

What defines the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

The unique three-dimensional shape formed by the folding of the protein backbone.

47
Q

What interactions hold the tertiary structure of proteins together?

A

Ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, disulfide linkages, and dispersion forces.

48
Q

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

A

The arrangement of multiple subunits into a larger protein structure.

49
Q

What are the three main functional areas of lipids?

A

Energy storage, membrane structure, and chemical signaling.

50
Q

What are the three main structural types of lipids?

A

Fatty acids, glycerides, and non-glycerides.

51
Q

What is the structure of a fatty acid?

A

A 10–22 carbon tail group and a carboxylic acid head group.

52
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds, while unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds.

53
Q

What is an eicosanoid?

A

A hormone-like biomolecule synthesized from arachidonic acid.

54
Q

What role do prostaglandins play in the body?

A

They are involved in inflammation, blood flow, blood clotting, and induction of labor.

55
Q

What are leukotrienes involved in?

A

Allergic and inflammation responses.

56
Q

What is the function of thromboxanes?

A

They are involved in blood platelet aggregation.

57
Q

What are glycerides composed of?

A

A glycerol backbone with appended fatty acids.

58
Q

What is the role of triglycerides in biological systems?

A

Energy storage and formation of lipid bilayers in membranes.

59
Q

What are the types of glycerides?

A

Neutral glycerides (triglycerides) and ionic glycerides (phosphoglycerides).

60
Q

What are sphingolipids?

A

Lipids enriched in the central nervous system involved in tissue development, cell recognition, and as toxin receptors.

61
Q

What is the function of steroids?

A

Lipids responsible for signaling various biological functions.

62
Q

What are waxes composed of?

A

Esters of fatty acids used as protective coatings.

63
Q

What are complex lipids?

A

Lipids bonded to other types of molecules.

64
Q

What are lipoproteins?

A

Complexes that carry lipids in the blood.

65
Q

What are chylomicrons?

A

Lipoproteins that carry dietary triglycerides from the intestines to other tissues.

66
Q

What is the role of VLDL?

A

It carries triglycerides from the liver.

67
Q

What is the role of LDL?

A

It carries cholesterol to peripheral tissues.

68
Q

What does HDL do in the body?

A

It carries cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.

69
Q

What are glycolipids?

A

Lipids containing a bound carbohydrate involved in cell membrane stability.

70
Q

What is the primary role of nucleic acids?

A

Storage and transfer of genetic information.

71
Q

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides.

72
Q

What are the components of a nucleotide?

A

A heteroaromatic base, ribose sugar, and phosphate group.

73
Q

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA stores genetic information, and RNA translates it into proteins.

74
Q

What is transcription?

A

The process of creating RNA from a DNA template.

75
Q

What is translation?

A

The process by which RNA directs protein synthesis.

Chemistry (15 decks)

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