Exam 3 lymphatic and respiratory Flashcards
Know the organs and tissues found in the lymphatic system. Provide at least one function for each organ
Spleen: Produces antibodies that protect against infection.
Thymus: production and maturation of immune cells
Tonsils: prevent foreign objects from sliding into the lungs
lymph nodes: filter substances that travel through the lymphatic fluid
lymphoid tissues ( bone marrow and thymus): body’s ‘sewerage system’ removes all fluids that leak out of our blood vessels
Know areas of the body that are drained by the right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct.
thoracic ducts: drain the lymph from 75% of the body, aside from the right upper right limb, right breast, right lung and right side of the head and neck (which are drained by the right lymphatic duct).
lymphatic: collects lymph from the right side of the neck, chest, and arm,
Understand lymph obstruction and how edema occurs.
Conditions that interfere with lymph movement cause tissue fluid to accumulate in interstitial spaces, resulting in edema.
Structure of spleen
Largest lymphatic organ, surrounded by connective tissue capsule
Consists of two types of tissue ( white and red pulp)
-White pulp around central arteries- involved in immune functions
– Red pulp in venous sinuses and splenic cords
Know the functions and characteristics the spleen
Largest lymphoid organ
* Functions
– Site of lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response
– Cleanses blood of aged cells and platelets, macrophages remove debris
Know the function of the thymus
production and maturation of immune cells
Define Peyer’s patches and know their functions
Clusters of lymphoid follicles
- In appendix: Destroy bacteria, preventing them from breaching intestinal wall
– Generate “memory” lymphocytes
Why are there more afferent lymphatic vessels entering the lymph node than efferent lymphatic
vessels exiting?
to allow for lymphocytes and macrophages to fulfill their immune support functions
Define respiration including its 5 events: ventilation, external respiration, transport of gases, internal respiration, and cellular respiration.
Respiration is the process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells
- Ventilation
- External respiration
- Transport of gases
- Internal respiration
- Cellular respiration
Know the functions of the respiratory system besides gas exchange.
- Provides oxygen for aerobic reactions
- Eliminates CO2 at the appropriate rate to maintain the internal environment’s pH
*move fresh air into your body while removing waste gases
*acid-base balance - pulmonary defense and metabolism
Which 4 skull bones contain sinuses? What are the functions of the sinuses?
maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones of the skull
Function : warm and humidify the air you breathe before reaching your lungs
Understand the gross anatomical differences between the left and right lung
The right lung is larger and weighs more than the left lung right lung has e lobes while the left has 2
What is the function of surfactant? Why is surfactant important to premature babies?
– Reduces surface tension of alveolar fluid and
discourages alveolar collapse
– Insufficient quantity in premature infants
causes infant respiratory distress syndrome
Understand the mechanism of breathing: EXPIRATION.
Understand the pressure differences involved in inspiration and expiration.
During expiration (exhaling) , the relaxation of the diaphragm and elastic recoil of tissue decreases the thoracic volume and increases the intraalveolar pressure. (pressure outside < pressure inside)
What is the main function of alveoli?
storage of air for a shorter period which permits absorption of oxygen into the blood
Understand the mechanism of breathing: INSPIRATION and expiration including the structures
involved for each. Understand the pressure differences involved in inspiration and expiration.
When the lungs inhale (inspiration), the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward. At the same time, the muscles between the ribs contract and pull upward. This increases the size of the thoracic cavity and decreases the pressure inside. As a result, air rushes in and fills the lungs (Pressure ourside > pressure inside)
Why is higher lung compliance important?
It refers to the ability of the lungs to stretch and expand; is important in ideal respiratory system function
Define hypoxia and ischemia.
hpoxia- Inadequate O2 delivery to tissues ->cyanosis
Ischemic hypoxia–impaired/blocked circulation; inadequate blood supply
Describe the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system. How does the respiratory rate and depth affect the blood pH? How does the respiratory system control blood pH?
the most important buffer for maintaining the pH homeostasis of blood; If too much acid (lactic acid) is present, the bicarbonate ions take up hydrogen ions released by the acid and become carbonic acid.
* Breathing faster and deeper increases the amount of carbon dioxide exhaled, which raises the blood pH back toward normal.
*The pulmonary system adjusts pH using carbon dioxide
Define hyperventilation, apnea, and eupnea.
- Excessive ventilation, hyperventilation, results in
abnormally low PCO2 (hypocapnia) - Apnea: A period of suspended respiration
- Eupnea: normal relaxed breathing
Define COPD, asthma
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease:Irreversible decrease in ability to force air out of lungs
*Asthma: Active inflammation of airways; symptoms include coughing, weezing and shortness of breath.
Define chronic bronchitis, emphysema. See figure 22.27
Chronic bronchitis: Excess mucus production, Chronic productive cough
Emphysema: Destruction of alveolar walls; Loss of lung elasticity
Describe the conditions pleural effusion (atelectasis) and pulmonary edema. How do you treat each of these conditions?
pleural effusion: a buildup of fluid between the layers of tissue that line the lungs and chest cavity
treatment: antibiotics, water pills (diuretics), and removal of the fluid
pulmonary edema
Pulmonary edema: happens when fluid collects inside the lungs, in the alveoli, making it hard to breathe. treatment: supplemental oxygen and medications (oxygen therapy
