Exam 3 lymphatic and respiratory

Question 1

Know the organs and tissues found in the lymphatic system. Provide at least one function for each organ

Answer 1

Spleen: Produces antibodies that protect against infection.
Thymus: production and maturation of immune cells
Tonsils: prevent foreign objects from sliding into the lungs
lymph nodes: filter substances that travel through the lymphatic fluid
lymphoid tissues ( bone marrow and thymus): body’s ‘sewerage system’ removes all fluids that leak out of our blood vessels

Question 2

Know areas of the body that are drained by the right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct.

Answer 2

thoracic ducts: drain the lymph from 75% of the body, aside from the right upper right limb, right breast, right lung and right side of the head and neck (which are drained by the right lymphatic duct).

lymphatic: collects lymph from the right side of the neck, chest, and arm,

Question 3

Understand lymph obstruction and how edema occurs.

Answer 3

Conditions that interfere with lymph movement cause tissue fluid to accumulate in interstitial spaces, resulting in edema.

Question 4

Structure of spleen

Answer 4

Largest lymphatic organ, surrounded by connective tissue capsule
Consists of two types of tissue ( white and red pulp)
-White pulp around central arteries- involved in immune functions
– Red pulp in venous sinuses and splenic cords

Question 5

Know the functions and characteristics the spleen

Answer 5

Largest lymphoid organ
* Functions
– Site of lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response
– Cleanses blood of aged cells and platelets, macrophages remove debris

Question 6

Know the function of the thymus

Answer 6

production and maturation of immune cells

Question 7

Define Peyer’s patches and know their functions

Answer 7

Clusters of lymphoid follicles

• In appendix: Destroy bacteria, preventing them from breaching intestinal wall
  – Generate “memory” lymphocytes

Question 8

Why are there more afferent lymphatic vessels entering the lymph node than efferent lymphatic
vessels exiting?

Answer 8

to allow for lymphocytes and macrophages to fulfill their immune support functions

Question 9

Define respiration including its 5 events: ventilation, external respiration, transport of gases, internal respiration, and cellular respiration.

Answer 9

Respiration is the process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells

• Ventilation
• External respiration
• Transport of gases
• Internal respiration
• Cellular respiration

Question 10

Know the functions of the respiratory system besides gas exchange.

Answer 10

• Provides oxygen for aerobic reactions
• Eliminates CO2 at the appropriate rate to maintain the internal environment’s pH
  *move fresh air into your body while removing waste gases
  *acid-base balance
• pulmonary defense and metabolism

Question 11

Which 4 skull bones contain sinuses? What are the functions of the sinuses?

Answer 11

maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones of the skull
Function : warm and humidify the air you breathe before reaching your lungs

Question 12

Understand the gross anatomical differences between the left and right lung

Answer 12

The right lung is larger and weighs more than the left lung right lung has e lobes while the left has 2

Question 13

What is the function of surfactant? Why is surfactant important to premature babies?

Answer 13

– Reduces surface tension of alveolar fluid and
discourages alveolar collapse
– Insufficient quantity in premature infants
causes infant respiratory distress syndrome

Question 14

Understand the mechanism of breathing: EXPIRATION.
Understand the pressure differences involved in inspiration and expiration.

Answer 14

During expiration (exhaling) , the relaxation of the diaphragm and elastic recoil of tissue decreases the thoracic volume and increases the intraalveolar pressure. (pressure outside < pressure inside)

Question 15

What is the main function of alveoli?

Answer 15

storage of air for a shorter period which permits absorption of oxygen into the blood

Question 16

Understand the mechanism of breathing: INSPIRATION and expiration including the structures
involved for each. Understand the pressure differences involved in inspiration and expiration.

Answer 16

When the lungs inhale (inspiration), the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward. At the same time, the muscles between the ribs contract and pull upward. This increases the size of the thoracic cavity and decreases the pressure inside. As a result, air rushes in and fills the lungs (Pressure ourside > pressure inside)

Question 17

Why is higher lung compliance important?

Answer 17

It refers to the ability of the lungs to stretch and expand; is important in ideal respiratory system function

Question 18

Define hypoxia and ischemia.

Answer 18

hpoxia- Inadequate O2 delivery to tissues ->cyanosis
Ischemic hypoxia–impaired/blocked circulation; inadequate blood supply

Question 19

Describe the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system. How does the respiratory rate and depth affect the blood pH? How does the respiratory system control blood pH?

Answer 19

the most important buffer for maintaining the pH homeostasis of blood; If too much acid (lactic acid) is present, the bicarbonate ions take up hydrogen ions released by the acid and become carbonic acid.
* Breathing faster and deeper increases the amount of carbon dioxide exhaled, which raises the blood pH back toward normal.

*The pulmonary system adjusts pH using carbon dioxide

Question 20

Define hyperventilation, apnea, and eupnea.

Answer 20

• Excessive ventilation, hyperventilation, results in
  abnormally low PCO2 (hypocapnia)
• Apnea: A period of suspended respiration
• Eupnea: normal relaxed breathing

Question 21

Define COPD, asthma

Answer 21

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease:Irreversible decrease in ability to force air out of lungs
*Asthma: Active inflammation of airways; symptoms include coughing, weezing and shortness of breath.

Question 22

Define chronic bronchitis, emphysema. See figure 22.27

Answer 22

Chronic bronchitis: Excess mucus production, Chronic productive cough
Emphysema: Destruction of alveolar walls; Loss of lung elasticity

Question 23

Describe the conditions pleural effusion (atelectasis) and pulmonary edema. How do you treat each of these conditions?

Answer 23

pleural effusion: a buildup of fluid between the layers of tissue that line the lungs and chest cavity
treatment: antibiotics, water pills (diuretics), and removal of the fluid

Question 24

pulmonary edema

Answer 24

Pulmonary edema: happens when fluid collects inside the lungs, in the alveoli, making it hard to breathe. treatment: supplemental oxygen and medications (oxygen therapy