Exam 1 - Endocrine Flashcards
What substance is needed to make hormones?
amino acids and cholesterol
Name the endocrine glands (9)
Pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroids, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries,and testes.
Name the hormones which are derived from cholesterol
steroid hormones, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and sex hormones
-(PTH)
What are the basic structures of steroid hormones and non steroid hormones?
Steroid: Sex hormones, Adrenal cortex hormones
Non-steroid: Amines, Proteins, Peptides, Glycoproteins
Describe the steps of the hypothalamus in controlling endocrine functions
Hypothalamus is part of the brain and it receives all the signals from the brain. Then it passes the signals to pituitary gland that secretes hormones that regulate other glands from a long distance-endocrine control
5 types of hormones
Amines, peptides, Proteins, Glycoproteins, Steroids
What are the functions of the two hormones of the posterior pituitary hormones?
oxytocin: regulates uterine contractions during pregnancy and breast-feeding
vasopressin: regulate blood pressure, blood osmolality, and blood volume
Which hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland and what are their actions? ( Know 4)
Growth hormone - Stimulates and regulates growth in most tissues
Prolactin- sustains milk production after birth
Thyroid-stimulating hormone: controls thyroid hormones
Adrenocorticotropic hormone: controls secretion of adrenal gland hormones.
Luteinizing hormone: promotes secretion of sex hormones
Describe how important iodine is to produce thyroid hormones.
Iodine is necessary to produce thyroid hormones which are very important to help regulate weight, energy levels, metabolism and nail growth.
What are the functions of the parathyroid glands and where are they located?
Their function is to produce parathyroid hormones which increases levels of Calcium in the blood. They are located in the neck behind the thyroid glands.
The 3 hormones for calcium balance
PTH, calciferol, calcitonin
Describe the important functions of calcium.
Depending on the location calcium can help
-reinforce the calcified done matrix and teeth
-influence excitability in neurons
-muscle contraction
-cofactor in coagulation
Know the hormones of the adrenal medulla and the cortex and describe their functions
Adrenal Medulla:
- Epinephrine: activates fight or flight response ( increase heart rate and dilates pupils)
- Norepinephrine: increases heart rate and blood pumping from the heart
Adrenal cortex:
- Aldosterone: helps regulate concentration of extracellular electrolytes
- Cortisol: decrease protein synthesis
- Adrenal Androgens: supplements sex hormones from gonads
How does cortisol affect the immune system?
Too much cortisol can result in an adrenal or pituitary tumor that leads to crushing’s disease. Too little cortisol can result in Addison’s disease.
- In the immune system cortisol acts as and anti-inflammatory
Why are oral steroids directed to decrease the dosage while taking the medication?
oral Steroid help make up for the body’s steroid deficit. Once a person take oral steroid their system might stop producing natural steroid since it is using oral steroid as a crutch. Therefore if they stop taking them all together it might not give the body enough time to adjust. Therefore the dosage decreases gradually to give the body time to adjust.
