Exam 2 The Vessels

Question 1

Define hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressure. How is the pressure gradient created for
each type?

Answer 1

colloid osmotic pressure
(oncotic pressure) (OPc) (BCOP)
– Created by non-diffusible plasma proteins,
which draw water toward themselves
-is a form of osmotic pressure induced by the proteins, notably albumin, in a blood vessel’s plasma that causes a pull on fluid back into the capillary.

hydrostatic pressure (HPc)
(capillary blood pressure)
– Tends to force fluids through capillary walls
- as blood moves along the capillary, fluid moves out through its pores and into the interstitial space

Question 2

Where can a pulse be located? 9

Answer 2

• Superficial temporal artery
• facial artery
• Common carotid artery
• Brachial artery
• Radial artery
• femoral artery
• Popliteal artery
• Posterior tibial artery
• Dorsalis pedis artery

Question 3

Describe arterial blood pressure including systolic and diastolic.

Answer 3

Blood pressure is the force the blood exerts against the inner walls of the blood vessels

Systolic pressure: Normally less than 120 mm Hg, maximum pressure the heart exerts while beating

Diastolic pressure: Normally less than 80 mm Hg, pressure blood exerts within arteries between heartbeats

Question 4

Know the 5 factors that increase blood pressure.

Answer 4

• increase in blood volume
• increase in heart rate
• increase in stroke volume
• increase in blood viscosity
• peripheral resistance increase

Question 5

How does epinephrine, norepinephrine, ANG II, ADH, ANP, and aldosterone affect blood
pressure?

Answer 5

Epinephrine: increase
ANG II: increase
ADH: increase
ANP: decrease
aldosterone: increase

Question 6

Describe the indirect mechanism for controlling blood pressure through the kidneys.

Answer 6

• As arterial Pressure decreases, the Kidneys release renin into the blood.
• renin cleaves angiotensinogen turning it into Angiotensin I.
• The angiotensin converting Enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II.
• The angiotensin II then acts in four ways to stabilize arterial BP and extracellular fluid volume.

Question 7

What are the functions of angiotensin II?

Answer 7

Increases blood volume
– Stimulates aldosterone secretion
– Causes ADH release
– Triggers hypothalamic thirst center
* Causes vasoconstriction directly increasing
blood pressure

Question 8

What are the 3 mechanisms used to move blood through the veins?

Answer 8

Autoregulation
* Causes immediate, localized homeostatic adjustments
– Neural mechanisms
* Respond quickly to changes at specific sites
– Endocrine mechanisms
* Direct long-term changes