Exam 1 - Blood and Immunity

Question 1

Know the functions of blood.

Answer 1

• Transportation of dissolved substances
• Regulation of pH and ions
• Restriction of fluid losses at injury sites
• Defense against toxins and pathogens
• Stabilization of body temp

Question 2

Know the 3 components that make up blood.

Answer 2

plasma, red blood cells and buffy coat ( white blood cells and platelets)

Question 3

Know the 3 types of “formed” elements of the blood.

Answer 3

Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

Question 4

Know the composition of plasma including the plasma proteins

Answer 4

• 90% water
  -ions
• organic molecules : Amino acids, glucose and proteins. proteins: (albumins, globulins, and Fibrinogen)

Question 5

Know the characteristics of erythrocytes (RBC)

Answer 5

• 99% of formed elements
• biconcave disks
• lack of nuclei and mitochondria
• cannot divide

Question 6

Which vitamins are required for RBC production?

Answer 6

amino acid, iron, vitamins B12, B6 and folic acid

Question 7

erythropoietin

Answer 7

Glycoprotein secreted by the kidneys when RBC count is low
Controls red blood cell production, it is necessary for adequate supply of oxygen to organs and tissues.

Question 8

erythropoiesis

Answer 8

the production and maturation of erythrocytes

Question 9

Agglutination

Answer 9

the process that occurs if an antigen is mixed with its corresponding antibody

Question 10

Anemia

Answer 10

a condition that develops when your blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin

Question 11

Describe the different types of anemia and possible symptoms including sickle cell.

Answer 11

• Pernicious anemia: low RBC production due to unavailability of vitamin B12
• aplastic: caused by drug or radiation
  -hereditary: cells rupture at an abnormally high rate.
  symptoms: fatigue, lightheadedness, chest pain, and shortness of breath.

Question 12

Blood Typing: Differentiate between A, B, O, and Rh

Answer 12

Presence of A, B, of Rh protein on RBC
ex: type A+ can donate to type A+ and can receive from O- and A+/-. Has A antigen and B antibodies.

Question 13

why are Type O blood individuals universal donors and why are Type AB blood individuals are
universal recipients.

Answer 13

their red blood cells have no A, B or Rh antigens and therefore there is no risk of rejection

Question 14

Explain the concerns surrounding Rh (-) mothers who are pregnant with Rh (+) fetuses.

Answer 14

her immune system treats Rh-positive fetal cells as a foreign substance meaning the mother’s antibodies may attack the fetal blood cells

Question 15

WHITE BLOOD CELLS (leukocytes) : neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and
monocytes. ( General Functions)

Answer 15

Neutrophils: first to arrive at infections
Eosinophils: defend against parasitic worm infestations
Basophils: release histamine and heparin
Lymphocytes: B and T cells (important in immunity)
Monocytes: largest of all blood cells, phagocytize bacteria, dead cells and other debris.

Question 16

Define diapedesis, chemotaxis, leukopenia

Answer 16

Diapedesis: the process in which white blood cells come out of the blood vessels into the surrounding area in case of injuries.
Chemotaxis: the movement of an organism or entity in response to a chemical stimulus
leukopenia: a condition where the body doesn’t have enough disease-fighting leukocytes in the blood

Question 17

Define leukemia, leukocytosis, and lymphopoiesis

Answer 17

leukemia: cancer of the body’s blood-forming tissues, including the bone marrow and the lymphatic system.
Leukocytosis: high white blood cell count
Lymphopoiesis: the process in which lymphocytes (B cells, T cells and NK cells) develop from progenitor cells

Question 18

Describe the basic steps of hemostasis. (vascular, platelet, coagulation phases)

Answer 18

1) Constriction of the blood vessel
2) Formation of a temporary “platelet plug.”
3) Activation of the coagulation cascade
4) Formation of “fibrin plug”

Question 19

Name 2 substances required for blood coagulation.

Answer 19

Thrombin and calcium