exam 3 cognitive test terms 2, 8,12, 13 Flashcards
What are the four parts of the limbic system
amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, and hypothalamus
four parts of the cerebral cortex
occipital, temporal, frontal, and parietal lobe
two functions of the neural connections
inhibitory slower rate of firing and excitatory faster rate of firing
axon
axon - part of the neuron that transmits signals from the cell body to the synapse at the end of the axon.
dendrites
structures that branch out from the cell body to receive electrical signals from other neurons.
neuron
cell that is specialized to receive and transmit information to the nervous system
what are the technical terms for discussing directions
dorsal = up, ventral = down/
superior = up inferior = down,/ anterior = front, and posterior = back,/ lateral = sides, and medial = middle
number of neurons and neural connections
50 billion to 100 billion neurons and each one has the potential to connect to 1,000 - 10,0000 neural connections.
define the four parts of the limbic system
1 amygdala has to do with unconscious emotions,
2 hippocampus has to do with memory formation and organizing relevant emotions,
3 thalamus your bodies relay info center,
4 hypothalamus regulates, hunger, thirst, sex drive, mood, body temperature, blood pressure and sleep
Pariental lobe
has to do with somatosensory input physical touch, attention
occipital lobe
has to do with visual processing
temporal lobe
has to do with auditory processing, language input and object recognition
frontal lobe
higher level of thinking deep thoughts language output decision making motor control
List some advantages of schemas
1 quickly identify info, 2 group objects together, 3 helps us understand the world quickly Disadvantages 1 bias and stereotypes 2 miss details, 3 add wrong info at times.
what is a script and evidence to support it
a schema for a sequence of events for a particular situation. Evidence for scripts people agree on what is a script, recall things in a specific order, faster reading when script is followed, recall items for a script that were left out from the story
Prospective memory
is memory for the future
difference between time based and event based reminders
time based you remember to do something by setting a timer, event another event reminds you to do what you need to do
what are the two theories for flashbulb memory
Narrative rehearsal you talk about the event regularly, highly emotional theory the event is so surprising and arousing that it is etched into your mind .
Bartlett 1932 studies what
tested the idea how constructive memory works, participants could not recall every detail, made some info up to recall gaps in memory,
reminiscence bump
the idea that people over 40 remember events better between the years 10-30 peaking at 20 years old, immigration can cause the bump to up in age
what are the two types of lineups
sequential people are shown one at a time, and simultaneous people are showed all at once.
Sequence lineup is better because
it has a 10 percent chance of misidentifying an innocent person, and simultaneous has a 40 percent chance
what do inferences do
they help us store less info and schemas help us reconstruct missing parts. they hurt because we may add info that that did not really happen .
what is source memory
when you learn something new how do you remember it and when and where did you learn it from
Loftus palmer
Showed participants a picture of a car crashed and ask participants two questions how fast the cars were the cars going when they smashed, or hit into each other. one week later the questions was asked was there broken glass 32 percent answered yes then heard the word smash compared to 14 person who heard hit.
misinformation effect
misleading information presented after a person witnesses an event can change how the person describes the event later
reasoning and decision making
reasoning making and evaluating arguments. decision making selecting from two or more options
Normative approach, norm you believe that people should act a certain way
how people should reason and make decisions logical reasoning logical decision making
descriptive approach, describes how people actually are
how people actually reason and make decisions.
deductive reasoning
if a then b must be true logical reasoning premises lead to conclusions
inductive reasoning
probabilistic reasoning if a then b is probably true evidence suggests the conclusions
which two conditional syllogism hold true
affirming the antecedent if p then q then therefore q.
denying the consequent if p then q therefore not p
which two conditional syllogisms do not hold true
denying the antecedent if p then q therefore not q
affirming the consequent if p then q therefore p
valid vs invalid
valid argument follows the rules of logic if the premises are true then the conclusion must also be true, invalid deductive arguments do not follow the rules of logic.
satisficing
you dont weigh all of your options at once, you, check one item at a time is this good or enough or not then you move one
elimination by aspects
eliminate any options that fail on that 1 factor
representative heuristic
occurs when we estimate the probability of an event based on how similar it is to a known situation
availability heuristic
estimate frequency of outcome based on how easily you can recall things. It involves relying on information that comes to mind quickly or is most available to us
difference between gamblers fallacy and illusory correlation
Gamblers looks at the past to make future decisions, illusory looks at past events and their correlation
utility theory
theory that suggests that your decisions are based on subjective needs.
permission schema
is a type of schema for enforcing rules if a certain action is to be taken then a certain condition must be met.
pragmatic reasoning
we use our schemas instead of logic to understand make inferences of the world and decisions
Describe Duncker’s radiation problem
problem involves finding ways to destroy the tumor without damaging the other organs in the body.
what are the two methods for problem-solving
Gestalt and Information processing
fucntional fixedness
an effect that occurs when the ideas a person has about an object’s function inhibit the person’s ability to use the object for a different function
information processing approach to problem solving
he mind is described as a processing system which deals with info through a sequence of states input encode and output
means -ends analysis
process of working towards goals using subgoals to solve problems
operators
conditions that must be met or permissible moves in order to solve the problem
problem space
the whole range of possible states and operators, only some will lead to the goal state.
gestalt approach
how do people represent a problem in their mind 2 how solving a problem involves a reorganization or restructuring of this representation.
representation
solving a problems depends on how it is is represented in the mind. which in turns affects our ability to solve it.
mental set
frame of mind for approaching a problem fixation
think-aloud protocol
while solving a problem people regularly report what they are thinking
