cog class 10-10 to 11-07 Flashcards
Barlett test 1932
The test showed how constructive works by having students read Ghost of War stories. Many students remembered some parts of the story but added their info to parts they did not understand.
Critical findings for the Barlett test
1 neglected confusing info, 2 added info to make the story make sense 3 revised the story to make more sense of it.
Constructive memory is at least partially reconstructed, loosely based on actual events.we fill in info based on what we know.
Schemas
1 generalized knowledge used to understand and organize the world. 2 simplifies complicated situations. 3 tells us what to expect and infer, 4 explains relationships between events or items, 5 helps us discriminate between different things.
two advantages and disadvantages of schemas
Advantages of a schemas 1 quickly identify info, 2 group objects together, 3 helps us understand the world quickly
Disadvantages 1 bias and stereotypes 2 miss details, 3 add wrong info at times.
script
a schema for a sequence of events for a particular situation.
3 positive things of scripts
1 people agree on what is a script, 2 recall things in a specific order, 3 faster reading when script is followed, 4 recall items for a script that were left out from the story
Gary L wells
he studies eyewitness accounts
simultaneous lineups
lineups are shown all at once police force used to use this lineup standard lineup.40 % higher probability of of misidentifying an innocent person
sequential lineups
one person at a time. 10 percent chance of misidentifying an innocent person.Similar probability of correctly identifying a guilty person.
What is autobiographical memory?
memory of your past events from your past and where and when it happened
Reminiscence bump
the time period in which people remember the most types of memory from their life usually between 15- 25 years old.
Flashbulb memory
memory of a major world event consists of a vivid memory
narrative rehearsal
normal memory but it is rehearsed a lot practiced a lot
source memory
when you learn something how do you remember? when and where did you learn it?
elizabeth loftus
studied eye witness recall and false memory
the test of elizabeth lofus
Participants viewed a video of a car accident.
Thet were questioned about the accident. How fast were the cars going when they ——– each other
Bumped, smashed, crashed, collided, and hit. Higher speeds for more violent verbs.
reasoning
making and evaluating arguments
decision
selecting from two or more options
what is the difference between deductive and normative reasoning
normative seeks to explain things and come to a concise conclusion. descriptive tends to be probable seeks support a hypothesis
syllogism
a deductive argument in a stand form consists of premises and conclusion
the two types of syllogisms
categorial and conditional
Affirming the antecedent* holds together
p—> q
p
therefore q
denying the antecedent - does not hold together
p—> q
not p
therefore not q
affirming the consequent - does not hold together
if p—>q
q
therefore p
denying the consequent + holds together
p—->q
not q
therefore not p
validty
an argument that follows the rules of logic if the premises are true then the conclusion mist be true
criteria for inductive reasoning
amount of evidence, representativeness one source or multiple sources, quality of evidence
normative
logical reasoning and rational decision making
descriptive
how people actually reason and make decisions
two types of normative reasoning
deductive and inductive.
economic utility theory
figure out the best possible outcomes bases on your subjective needs.
permission schemas
is a type of schema for enforcing rules if a certain action is to be taken than a certain condiiton must be met.
what are the 3 types of mistakes we make in inductive reasoning
illusory correlation , framing effect, and gambler’s fallacy
illusory correlation
random events that occur together or in similar ways are thought to be related to each other
gamblers fallacy
mistaken belief that previous random events influence random future events
difference between gamblers effect and illusionary correlation
illusionary sees correlations or relationships in the past while gamblers predicting future events from the past events
framing effect
same info is presented in a different way can affect our logic ex do you want a 90% fat free cake or 10 percent fat cake
representativeness
select an option based on similarity to a category
availability
estimate frequency of outcome based on how easily you can recall things
satisficing
you dont weigh all of your options at once, you, check one item at a time is this good or enough or not then you move one
elimination by aspects
eliminate any options that fail on that 1 factor
two forms of heuristics
availability and representativeness
two forms of descriptive decision making
satisficing and elimination by aspects
bounded rationality
we can make rational decisions over a limited set of options or factors
well structured
completely specified starting condition goal states methods for achieving the goal
ill structured
some aspects are not completely specified
gestalt approach
representation how do we mentally represent a problem how do we conceptualize what parts do we put together
mental set
set of mind for approaching a problem fixation
functional fixedness
seeing an object as having only a certain use
Two types of experiments that show functional fixedness
candle problem and two string problem
