cog class 10-10 to 11-07

Question 1

Barlett test 1932

Answer 1

The test showed how constructive works by having students read Ghost of War stories. Many students remembered some parts of the story but added their info to parts they did not understand.

Question 2

Critical findings for the Barlett test

Answer 2

1 neglected confusing info, 2 added info to make the story make sense 3 revised the story to make more sense of it.
Constructive memory is at least partially reconstructed, loosely based on actual events.we fill in info based on what we know.

Question 3

Schemas

Answer 3

1 generalized knowledge used to understand and organize the world. 2 simplifies complicated situations. 3 tells us what to expect and infer, 4 explains relationships between events or items, 5 helps us discriminate between different things.

Question 4

two advantages and disadvantages of schemas

Answer 4

Advantages of a schemas 1 quickly identify info, 2 group objects together, 3 helps us understand the world quickly
Disadvantages 1 bias and stereotypes 2 miss details, 3 add wrong info at times.

Question 5

script

Answer 5

a schema for a sequence of events for a particular situation.

Question 6

3 positive things of scripts

Answer 6

1 people agree on what is a script, 2 recall things in a specific order, 3 faster reading when script is followed, 4 recall items for a script that were left out from the story

Question 7

Gary L wells

Answer 7

he studies eyewitness accounts

Question 8

simultaneous lineups

Answer 8

lineups are shown all at once police force used to use this lineup standard lineup.40 % higher probability of of misidentifying an innocent person

Question 9

sequential lineups

Answer 9

one person at a time. 10 percent chance of misidentifying an innocent person.Similar probability of correctly identifying a guilty person.

Question 10

What is autobiographical memory?

Answer 10

memory of your past events from your past and where and when it happened

Question 11

Reminiscence bump

Answer 11

the time period in which people remember the most types of memory from their life usually between 15- 25 years old.

Question 12

Flashbulb memory

Answer 12

memory of a major world event consists of a vivid memory

Question 13

narrative rehearsal

Answer 13

normal memory but it is rehearsed a lot practiced a lot

Question 14

source memory

Answer 14

when you learn something how do you remember? when and where did you learn it?

Question 15

elizabeth loftus

Answer 15

studied eye witness recall and false memory

Question 16

the test of elizabeth lofus

Answer 16

Participants viewed a video of a car accident.
Thet were questioned about the accident. How fast were the cars going when they ——– each other
Bumped, smashed, crashed, collided, and hit. Higher speeds for more violent verbs.

Question 17

reasoning

Answer 17

making and evaluating arguments

Question 18

decision

Answer 18

selecting from two or more options

Question 19

what is the difference between deductive and normative reasoning

Answer 19

normative seeks to explain things and come to a concise conclusion. descriptive tends to be probable seeks support a hypothesis

Question 20

syllogism

Answer 20

a deductive argument in a stand form consists of premises and conclusion

Question 21

the two types of syllogisms

Answer 21

categorial and conditional

Question 22

Affirming the antecedent* holds together

Answer 22

p—> q

p

therefore q

Question 23

denying the antecedent - does not hold together

Answer 23

p—> q

not p
therefore not q

Question 24

affirming the consequent - does not hold together

Answer 24

if p—>q

q
therefore p

Question 25

denying the consequent + holds together

Answer 25

p—->q

not q

therefore not p

Question 26

validty

Answer 26

an argument that follows the rules of logic if the premises are true then the conclusion mist be true

Question 27

criteria for inductive reasoning

Answer 27

amount of evidence, representativeness one source or multiple sources, quality of evidence

Question 28

normative

Answer 28

logical reasoning and rational decision making

Question 29

descriptive

Answer 29

how people actually reason and make decisions

Question 30

two types of normative reasoning

Answer 30

deductive and inductive.

Question 31

economic utility theory

Answer 31

figure out the best possible outcomes bases on your subjective needs.

Question 32

permission schemas

Answer 32

is a type of schema for enforcing rules if a certain action is to be taken than a certain condiiton must be met.

Question 33

what are the 3 types of mistakes we make in inductive reasoning

Answer 33

illusory correlation , framing effect, and gambler’s fallacy

Question 34

illusory correlation

Answer 34

random events that occur together or in similar ways are thought to be related to each other

Question 35

gamblers fallacy

Answer 35

mistaken belief that previous random events influence random future events

Question 36

difference between gamblers effect and illusionary correlation

Answer 36

illusionary sees correlations or relationships in the past while gamblers predicting future events from the past events

Question 37

framing effect

Answer 37

same info is presented in a different way can affect our logic ex do you want a 90% fat free cake or 10 percent fat cake

Question 38

representativeness

Answer 38

select an option based on similarity to a category

Question 39

availability

Answer 39

estimate frequency of outcome based on how easily you can recall things

Question 40

satisficing

Answer 40

you dont weigh all of your options at once, you, check one item at a time is this good or enough or not then you move one

Question 41

elimination by aspects

Answer 41

eliminate any options that fail on that 1 factor

Question 42

two forms of heuristics

Answer 42

availability and representativeness

Question 43

two forms of descriptive decision making

Answer 43

satisficing and elimination by aspects

Question 44

bounded rationality

Answer 44

we can make rational decisions over a limited set of options or factors

Question 45

well structured

Answer 45

completely specified starting condition goal states methods for achieving the goal

Question 46

ill structured

Answer 46

some aspects are not completely specified

Question 47

gestalt approach

Answer 47

representation how do we mentally represent a problem how do we conceptualize what parts do we put together

Question 48

mental set

Answer 48

set of mind for approaching a problem fixation

Question 49

functional fixedness

Answer 49

seeing an object as having only a certain use

Question 50

Two types of experiments that show functional fixedness

Answer 50

candle problem and two string problem