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Organ Histology-- Anthony > Exam 3: Ch.7: Digestive System Pt2 > Flashcards

Exam 3: Ch.7: Digestive System Pt2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are three functions of the stomach?

A
  1. Continue digestion of carbohydrates
  2. **primary fxn = food storage
  3. some nutrient break down; primarily chemical; little physical
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2
Q

What are tiny depressions in the stomach’s surface and one pit leads to more than one gland?

A

Gastric Pits

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3
Q

What is the narrow region by gastroesophageal sphincter called?

A

Cardia

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4
Q

What is the dome region of the stomach often filled with gas called?

A

fundus

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5
Q

What is the largest portion o the stomach?

A

body (corpus)

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6
Q

What is the constricted portion by the pyloric sphincter?

A

pylorus

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7
Q

What are the longitudinal folds which allow for distention in the stomach?

A

rugae

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8
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the Mucosa layer of the stomach? What cells does it contain?

A

simple columnar
Cells:
1. Surface Mucous (= surface lining)
2. Regenerative cells–> bases of pits

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9
Q

What are two functions of the Surface Mucous/Surface lining of the cells w/in the surface epithelium of the mucosa of the stomach?

A
  1. produce thick visible mucus

2. secrete bicarbonate ions

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10
Q

Describe the lamina propria of the stomach.

A

loose, vascular CT

present in small amounts b/w glands

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11
Q

Describe the make up of the Muscularis Mucosae of the stomach. How is it arranged?

A

smooth ms, layer, often arranged in 3 layres:

  1. inner circular
  2. outer longitudinal
  3. outermost circular/oblique (sometimes)
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12
Q

Is the Submucosa of the stomach highly vascular or not? What is located here?

A

highly vascular
Contains:
1. AVA = arteriovenous anastomosis
2. Submucosal (Meissner’s Plexus)

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13
Q

What is the function of the AVA and where are they located in the stomach?

A

Fxn: shut down activity and secretion FAST

Location: in Submucosa of stomach

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14
Q

Where is the location of the Submucosal (Meissner’s) Plexus? What is its function?

A

Location: Submucosa of stomach next to inner circular layer of ms

Fxn: to influence mucosa (i.e. secretion, blood flow, ms contractions)

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15
Q

Does the Muscularis Externa of the stomach have a normal pattern? Elaborate.

A

3 muscle layers possible–> esp. b/w cardia region and greater curvature; all smooth ms,

1) innermost oblique– (sometimes)
2) middle circular – well developed
3) outer longitudinal – thin

normal pattern other locations

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16
Q

What is located w/in the Muscularis Externa of the stomach?

A

Myenteric (Auerbach’s) Plexus –> b/w cricular and longitudinal layers of muscle

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17
Q

Where is the Myenteric (Auerbach’s) Plexus located? What is its function?

A

Location: b/w circular and longitudinal layers of muscles in stomach of Muscularis Externa

Fxn: to stimulate muscularis externa

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18
Q

Does the stomach have adventitia or serosa or both?

A

Serosa only–> covers ALL of stomach (on edge of squamous cells)

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19
Q

What three regions of the stomach is the Gastric Histology based on?

A
  1. Cardiac Region
  2. Gastric Region (fundus and body)
  3. Pyloric Region
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20
Q

What is the sphincter b/w the pylorus of the stomach and the duodenum? What type of sphincter is it–anatomical of physiological?

A

Pyloric Sphincter

anatomical sphincter

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21
Q

What are the two characteristics of an Anatomical Sphincter?

A
  1. Well-developed inner circular layer of muscle in ME

2. Inner circular layer of ME can be independently controlled

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22
Q

Of the three regions of the stomach, histologically, which as shorter pits that lead to cardiac glands with a coiled base? What cells does it contain?

A

Cardiac Region

Primarily surface mucous cells
- some neck mucous and a few DNES and parietal cells

NO chief cells

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23
Q

What is the smallest region of the stomach? What cells does it primarily contain?

A

Cardiac Region

surface mucous cells

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24
Q

What region of the stomach contains the Gastric Glands? What do these glands extend from and to?

A

Gastric Region (body and fundus)

extends from gastric pit to Muscularis Mucosa

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25
Q

What are the three regions in a Gastric Gland (Zymogenic Gland)?

A
  1. Isthmus
  2. Neck
  3. Base
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26
Q

What cell types are in the Isthmus of the Gastric Gland?

A
  1. Surface Mucous

2. DNES cells (= enteroendocrine cells)

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27
Q

What cell type in the Isthmus of a gastric gland produces thick visible mucus that traps bicarbonate ions? What is the function of these cell type?

A

Surface Mucous

Fxn: to protect mucosa from acids and enzymes and the rougher components of chyme

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28
Q

There are different types of DNES cells in the Isthmus of gastric glands. What three things can they produce?

A
  1. Somatostatin
  2. Serotonin and Substance P
  3. Gastrin
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29
Q

What does somatostsatin do that is released by DNES cells?

A

inhibits release of hormones by nearby DNES cells and HCl release

(in gastric gland)

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30
Q

What does serotonin and Substance P do that is released by DNES cells?

A

increases gut motility

in of gastric gland

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31
Q

What type of DNES cell produces Gastrin? what effect does Gastrin have?

A

Type G

stimulates HCl and pepsinogen secretion, gastric motility, and regenerative cells in body of stomach

(in gastric gland)

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32
Q

What cell types are found in the Neck of the gastric gland?

A
  1. Neck Mucous cells
  2. Regenerative cells
  3. Parietal (oxyntic) cells
  4. DNES cells (produce same stuff as in Isthmus)
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33
Q

What do regenerative cells do in the gastric gland?

A

(specifically in Neck region)

replace all cell types

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34
Q

What cell type in the Neck region of the Gastric gland produces a soluble, less alkaline mucus? What is their function?

A

Neck Mucous Cells

Fxn: to lubricate gastric contents

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35
Q

What are the odd columnar cells with intracellular canaliculi that are in the Neck region of the Gastric gland? What do they produce?

A

Parietal (oxyntic) cells
Produce:
1. very strong HCl –> made at ~0.8 pH and buffered immediately to ~1-2 pH
2. Intrinsic Factor (~called Gastric Intrinsic Factor)

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36
Q

What cells produce the (gastric) intrinsic factor in the gastric gland? What is its function?

A

Parietal Cells in Neck region

Fxn: necessary for vitamin B12 absorption

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37
Q

What cells produce HCl?

A

Parietal (oxyntic cells) in the gastric glands (mainly in Neck, some in Base)

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38
Q

What cells are located in the Base region of the Gastric Gland?

A
  1. Chief (zymogenic) cells
  2. Parietal Cells (some)
  3. DNES cells (produce same stuff as in Isthmus and Neck)
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39
Q

Where are the Chief (zymogenic) cells located? What do they produce?

A

Base of Gastric gland
Produce:
- primarily Pepsinogen–> to break down proteins
- some Gastric Lipase–> break down fats

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40
Q

What cells produce Pepsinogen? What does it do?

A

Chief (zymogenic) cells

to break down proteins

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41
Q

Describe the Pyloric region of the stomach. What cells are primarily found here?

A

Deeper pits; very twisted and branched pyloric glands
Cells:
- Primarily surface mucus
- DNES
- parietal cells
- some neck mucous cells –> that produce some lysozyme

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42
Q

What are the two general causes for a Peptic Ulcer Disease?

A
  1. Insufficient protection from HCl and pepsin
    - Damaged mucus coat
    - Too much HCl and pepsin
  2. Helicobacter pylori
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43
Q

What are some factors that delay healing of Peptic Ulcer Diseases?

A
  1. cigarette smoking
  2. Alcohol
  3. Caffeine
  4. Calcium
  5. Aspirin

~ stress and spicy foods can aggravate an ulcer BUT NOT cause it

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44
Q

What are the three general functions of the small intestine?

A
  1. Digestion
  2. Absorb Nutritents
  3. Produce Intestinal Hormones– using DNES cells
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45
Q

What cells are used in the small intestine to produce intestinal hormones?

A

DNES cells

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46
Q

What are three surface adaptations of the small intestine? What are they for?

A
  1. Plicae Circulares
  2. Villi
  3. Microvilli

increase surface area by a factor of 400 plus

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47
Q

What are permanent folds affecting the mucosa and submucosa that are found throughout duodenum, jejunum, and proximal ileum?

A

Plicae Circulares (valves of Kerckring)

48
Q

What cell surface are the MIcrovilli on in the SI?

A

on the luminal cell surface

49
Q

What are Pliace Circulares and where are they found?

A

permanent folds affecting mucosa and submucosa

found throughout duodenum, jejunum, and proximal ileum

50
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the mucosa of the small intestine?

A

simple columnar (all 3 parts– duodenum, jejunum, and ileum)

51
Q

What 6 cell types are found in the surface epithelium of the SI?

A 
simple columnar
Cell types:
1. Surface absorptive cells (=enterocytes)
2. Goblet cells
3. DNES cells
4. Regenerative cells
5. Paneth cells
6. M (microfold) cells
52
Q

What is another name for the surface absorptive cells? What do these cells of the SI contain? What are their main functions?

A

= enterocytes
- contain microvilli

Main Fxns:

  • Absorb water and nutrients*
  • Terminal digestion in glycocalyx
53
Q

What cells of the SI have the function of terminal digestion in glycocalyx and the cells produce the enzymes and absorb the monosaccharides and peptides created?

A

Surface absorptive cells (aka enterocytes)

54
Q

Where in the SI are Goblet cells fewest? most numerous?

A

Fewest–> in duodenum

Most–> in ileum

55
Q

How many different types of DNES cells are in the SI? In general, what do they produce?

A 
~11 types
Produce:
1. CCK (cholecystokinin)
2. GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide) 
3. Secretin
56
Q

What stimulates the gallbladder contraction and pancreatic secretion of enzymes from serous acini?

A

CKK (cholecystokinin)

57
Q

What are the two actions of CCK?

A
  1. CCK produced when consume food, specifically fats–> therefore need bile released from gallbladder into duodenum
  2. Tells pancreas to release and produce digestive
    enzymes

(in SI)

58
Q

Where is GIP produced and what effect does it have?

A

(= gastric inhibitory peptide)
produced by DNES cells in SI

inhibits HCl release

59
Q

What are the two functions of secretin that is produced by DNES cells in the SI?

A
  1. stimulate pancreas secretion of bicarbonate from pancreatic ducts
  2. inhbit HCl release and movement of chyme into SI
60
Q

What hormone stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate from the pancreatic ducts and will inhibit HCl release and movement of chyme into SI?

A

secretin

61
Q

Where are the regenerative cells in the surface epithelium of the SI found in?

A

crypts ( aka intestinal glands)

62
Q

Where are Paneth cells located w/in the surface epithelium of the SI and what are their function? What is their function?

A

bases of the crypts (aka intestinal glands)

Fxn: produce lysozyme ( to deal w/ bacteria that may be coming back from the colon)

63
Q

Where is the location of the M (microfold) cells?

A

ileum epithelium over Peyer’s Patches

NOT in duodenum or jejunum

64
Q

What do M (micofold) cells contain and what are they fairly open to?
What do M cells do?

A

large intracellular pockets that are fairly open to the Lamina Propria

sample foreign antigens in gut lumen and transfer antigens to lymphocytes and dendritic cells that have entered the M cell pockets

65
Q

What is the general function of M cells? What does this result in?

A

promote humoral immunity
Results in–> plasma cells producing IgA– which is then transfered to epithelial (enterocytes) cells and released into gut lumen

66
Q

What are M cells important in maintaining?

A

appropriate gut flora

67
Q

Describe the Lamina propria of the SI. What does it contain? What does is border?

A

loose areolar CT

a villus core

Borders intestinal glands (aka crypts of Lieberkuhn)

68
Q

What three things are found in the villus core of w/in the Lamina propria of the SI?

A
  1. Lacteals
  2. Vascular Components– smaller blood vessels
  3. some Longitudinal smooth ms
69
Q

What are the Lacteals found in the villus core w/in the Lamina propria of the SI? What is their function?

A

are lymphatic capillary

Fxn: lipid absorption

70
Q

What is the importance of the longitudinal smooth ms in the villus core of the Lamina Propria of the SI? What can this lead to?

A

if irritated then muscle contracts and the villi will shorten

–> lead to nutrient deficiencies if irritation is prolonged

71
Q

Does the SI have a Muscularis Mucosae?

A

yes, thing, but present

connects to smooth muscle in vlli

72
Q

Describe the Submucosa of the SI. Is it vascular or avascular?

A

dense fibro-eleastic CT

very vascular: larger blood vessels

73
Q

What does the Submucosa of the Duodenum contain?

A

Duodenal (Brunner) Glands–> are mucous glands

74
Q

Where are Brunner Glands located? What do they produce?

A

w/in Submucosa of the Duodenum

Produce–> alkaline mucus; important fxn to neutralize chyme!!

75
Q

What does the Submucosa of the jejunum contain?

A

no significant structures

76
Q

What does the Submucosa of the Ileum contain?

A

Peyer’s Patches

77
Q

Where are Peyer’s Patches located? What are they?

A

w/in the Submucosa of the Ileum

–> are a group of regularly occurring large lymph nodules

78
Q

What does the Submucosa of the SI contain that has parasympathetic innervation?

A

Submucosal (Meissner’s) Plexus

79
Q

Where is the Meissner’s Plexus located? What is it close to? What is its function

A

in Submucsa of small intestine close to circular muscle in Muscularis Externa

Fxn: to influence mucosa

80
Q

Does the small intestine have a normal or not normal pattern for its Muscularis Externa?

A

Normal pattern (inner circular, outer longitudinal)

81
Q

What does the Muscularis Externa of the SI contain?

A

Myenteric (Auerbach) Plexus

82
Q

Where is the Myenteric (Auerbach) Plexus located? What is it b/w? What is its function?

A

in the Muscularis Externa of the SI –> b/w circular and longitudinal layers of ms in ME

Fxn: stimulates ME for peristalsis

83
Q

What stimulates the Muscularis externa for peristalsis?

A

Myenteric (Auerbach) plexus

84
Q

Does the SI have serosa or adventitia or both?

A

Serosa: first and last part of duodenum and ALL of jejunum and ileum

Adventitia: vertical (descending) portion of duodenum

85
Q

What do the following contain, serosa or adventitia:

  1. duodenum
  2. jejunum
  3. ileum
A
  1. MIXED; serosa; and then adventitia for vertical/descending pt
  2. serosa
  3. serosa
86
Q

What is found b/w the ileum and cecum of the colon?

A

Ileocecal valve

87
Q

What type of valve is the Ileocecal valve, anatomical or physiological?

A

BOTH physiological and anatomical sphincter

88
Q

What is the blind pouch on the right of the body, extending from the cecum?

A

Appendix (aka vermiform appendix)

89
Q

What type of surface epithelium does the Appendix contain? What type of cells?

A

simple columnar with:

  • surface absorptive cells
  • goblet cells
  • regenerative cells
  • DNES cells
90
Q

Does the appendix have a Lamina Propria? What about a Muscularis Mucosae?

A

LP–> yes

MM–> poorly developed

91
Q

Does the appendix have crypts? Villi? Paneth cells?

A

crypts–> yes
villi –> no
Paneth cells–> no to infrequent

92
Q

Describe the Submucosa of the Appendix. What is a notable structure it contains?

A

thick layer with large blood vessels

numerous lymph nodules!!

93
Q

Does the appendix have a Muscularis Externa?

A

Yes, normal pattern, but thin

inner circular, outer longitudinal

94
Q

Does the appendix have serosa or adventita or both?

A

serosa

95
Q

What are the functions of the appendix?

A
  1. Humoral immunity

2. reservoir for good bacteria

96
Q

What is the large intestine componsed of?

A
  • cecum
  • colon
  • rectum
  • anus
97
Q

What does the colon of the LI consist of?

A
  • ascending
  • transverse
  • descending
  • sigmoid portions
98
Q

T/F. the cecum is like the colon histologically, the rectum is also very similar to the colon.

A

True

99
Q

What are the three general functions of the Colon? What is the primary function?

A
  1. Primary Function = Absorption of water
  2. compaction, lubrication, and elimination of feces
  3. production of some vitamins as bacterial by-products (riboflavin, thiamin, vit K, and B12)
100
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the colon? What type of cells does it contain?

A 
Simple columnar
Cells:
- many goblets* and surface absroptive cells (aka colonocytes)
- some regenerative cells
- few DNES cells
101
Q

Does the colon have a Lamina Propria?

A

yes, it is typical and has intestinal glands (crypts)

102
Q

Does the colon have a Muscularis mucosae?

Does it have a Submucosa?

A

yes, typical

yes, typical

103
Q

What are two things the mucosa of the colon LACKS?

A
  1. villi (only in SI)

2. paneths cells

104
Q

Does the Muscularis Externa of the Colon have a normal pattern?

A

no

- outer longitudinal muscle is gathered into bands called tenaie coli and is discontinuous

105
Q

What do the constant tonus of teniae coli in the colon result in?

A

sacculations called Haustra

106
Q

Does the colon have adventitia, serosa, or both?

A

mixed

  • some adventitia
  • mostly serosa
107
Q

What is the general function of the rectum?

A

store fecal material

108
Q

What surface epithelium does the rectum have?

A

simple columnar

109
Q

The rectum is very similar to the colon’s luminal layers; EXCEPT for what three things?

A
  1. significant luminal wall folds exist–> called Transverse Rectal Folds
  2. NO teniae coli in mE: longitudinal muscle is more complete
  3. *Luminal wall covering is ADVENTITIA
110
Q

The anal canal is very similar to the colon, EXCEPT for what 7 things?

A
  1. surface epithelium = simple columnar that quickly transitions to stratified squamous
  2. Glands
  3. Mucosa and SM –> contain long. folds creating Anal Columns
  4. MM disappears in anal canal
  5. Internal anal sphincter
  6. External anal sphincter
  7. Luminal wall covering = adventitia
111
Q

What type of surface epithelium does the anal canal have?

A

simple columnar that quickly transitions into stratified squamous

112
Q

What is unique about the Mucosa and Submucosa of the anal canal?

A

contain longitudinal folds creating Anal Columns

113
Q

Does the Anal canal have a muscularis mucosa?

A

no; it disappears in the anal canal

114
Q

Does the rectum have adventitia or serosa? What about the anal canal? Is this different than the colon?

A

rectum–> adventitia
anal canal–> adventitia

colon–> mixed

115
Q

What luminal wall layer is the Internal Anal Sphincter in? What type of muscle is it made up of?

A

w/in Muscularis Externa

thick circular layer of SMOOTH muscle

116
Q

Were is the External Anal sphincter located? What type of muscle is it made up of?

A

from pelvic floor (levator ani*)

a striated (voluntary) muscle

Organ Histology-- Anthony (11 decks)

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