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Organ Histology-- Anthony > Exam 2: Circulatory System Pt2 > Flashcards

Exam 2: Circulatory System Pt2 Flashcards

1
Q

As we age into our 20’s, what happens to elastic arteries?

A

width increases and number of elastic laminae increase in the tunica media

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2
Q

In muscular arteries, what increases after middle age? What does this cause? What vessels are greatly affected?

A

increase in collagen and proteoglycans–> decreases flexibility

coronary vessels

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3
Q

What can occur around age 50 and is an increase in systolic BP? What is it due to?

A

Hypertension
Due to:
- a DECREASE in elastic fibers and an
- INCREASE in collagen I

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4
Q

What is the term for “hardening of the arteries”?

A

Arteriosclerosis = Atherosclerosis

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5
Q

Where does arteriosclerosis primarily take place? What happens to the tunica intima and tunica media?

A

in largest arteries
Tunica intima–> becomes infiltrated with soft lipids causing lumen diameter to decrease

Tunica Media–> collagen I and sulfated GAGs can accumulate

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6
Q

What is an important factor and problem that can occur in elastic arteries associated with atherosclerosis?

A

blood is moving very fast and cells in tunica intima have trouble surviving–>
tunica intima is prone to injury, irritation, and infection–>
degeneration changes may occur in tunica intima –> increase in width of tunica intima, therefore a decrease in lumen size

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7
Q

What are short terminal arteriole branches that LACK a tunica media?

A

metarterioles

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8
Q

What do Metarterioles lead to?

A

capillaries and a thoroughfare channel–> which lead to venules

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9
Q

What do thoroughfare channels lack?

A

a tunica media

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10
Q

What controls blood flow into true capillaries?

A

pre-capillary sphincters (in metarterioles)

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11
Q

T/F. Metarterioles are found with all capillary beds.

A

true

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12
Q

What do metarterioles allow blood to do through capillaries?

A

pulse through capillaries

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13
Q

What are AVA’s? What do they have many of?

A

arteriovenous anastomosis = AV shunt

many ANS nerves (sym and parasym)

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14
Q

What vessel wall layer(s) in AVA’s are thicker?

A

tunica media and tunica adventitia

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15
Q

What is the function of AVA’s?

A

to control AVA lumen size and therefore the amount of blood into the capillaries

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16
Q

T/F. AVA’s are found in all capillary beds.

A

FALSE

recall, metarterioles ARE in all capillary beds though

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17
Q

Are AVA’s in the skin and stomach typically closed or open? What happens if the AVA does the opposite?

A

typically “closed” –> blood into capillary bed as normal

if AVA opens–> most of blood will BY-PASS the capillary bed

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18
Q

Are AVA’s in erectile tissues typically open or closed? What happens if the AVA does the opposite?

A

typically “open”–> less blood into erectile tissue capillaries

if AVA closes–> send blood into erectile tissue capillaries

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19
Q

What four things control/influence the blood flow into capillaries?

A
  1. metarterioles
  2. AVA’s (some locations)
  3. lumen size of terminal arteriole
  4. pre-capillary sphincters
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20
Q

What are the three general parts of the structure of a capillary?

A
  1. cells–> single layers of flattened endothelial cells
  2. Pinocytotic vesicles
  3. Cell junctions
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21
Q

What is the cellular make up of capillaries?

A

a single layer of flattened endothelial cells

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22
Q

What are found in capillaries that form tiny pockets through cytoplasm and function to move large molecules?

A

Pinocytotic vesciles

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23
Q

Describe the gap junctions of capillaries and what are there 2 functions?

A

Fasciae occludens b/w endothelial cells (tight junctions)
Function:
1. move macromolecules
2. allows more cell movement

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24
Q

What are the 3 types of capillaries?

A
  1. Continuous capillaries
  2. Fenestrated capillaries
  3. Sinusoidal capillaries
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25
Q

What is the MC capillary type?

A

continuous capillaries

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26
Q

Where care continuous capillaries located?

A

muscle, CT, many organs

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27
Q

What are often considered to be residual mesenchyme cells and are numerous on capillaries and venules and can secrete basement membrane and ECM components along with the ability to divide?

A

Pericytes

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28
Q

Can pericytes divide? Can they change into different cells? If so, what types?

A 
yes and yes
Types:
- smooth muscle cells
- endothelial cells
- fibroblasts
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29
Q

What are the two functions of Pericytes?

A
  1. healing

2. regulate blood flow (maybe?–potential to)

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30
Q

Where are Modified continuous capillaries found? What makes them different?

A

in CNS

  • zonula occludens instead of fasciae occludens
  • barrier regulation by endothelium, but influenced by astrocytes
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31
Q

T/F. Astrocytes cover ~85% of capillary surface in CNS and produce products to influence the endothelium.

A

True

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32
Q

Where are Fenestrated capillaries located?

A
  • pancreas
  • intestines
  • endocrine organs
  • kidneys
    (in organs where want to see enhanced exchange)
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33
Q

What is the structure of fenestrated capillaries?

A

pores with thin protein diaphragm containing 8 fibrils

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34
Q

What is the function of a fenestrated capillary?

A

to allow greater movement of molecules and cells

35
Q

What are two other names for Sinusoidal capillaries?

A

sinusoids or Discontinuous capillaries

36
Q

Where are sinusoidal capillaries found?

A
  • bone marrow
  • liver
  • spleen
  • lymphatic organs
  • certain endocrine organs

(areas where want enhanced exchange b/w blood and body)

37
Q

What is the structure of a Sinusoidal capillary?

A
  • enlarged diameter

- many large fenestrae with NO protein diaphragm

38
Q

What is the function of sinusoidal capillaries?

A

to enhance exchange b/w blood and tissues

39
Q

How are veins similar to arteries? How are they different?

A 
Similar:
- have three tunics
Different:
- not as uniform in structure
- often larger diameter
- higher number
40
Q

Describe the structure of a valve in a vein?

A

two flaps of tunica intima and fibroelastic CT

endothelium - CT - endothelium

41
Q

What are the two functions of valves in veins?

A
  1. protection by preventing backflow

2. works with skeletal muscle to keep blood moving

42
Q

What are the four types of veins?

A
  1. venules
  2. small veins
  3. medium veins
  4. large veins
43
Q

What are the three types of venules and what variation in structure are they determined by?

A
  1. postcapillary venules
  2. colllecting venules
  3. muscular venules

determined by tunics, NOT by diameter

44
Q

Describe the tunics of a Postcapillary venule:

  1. Tunica Intima
  2. Tunica Media
  3. Tunica Adventitia
A
  1. endothelium, small amount of CT and numerous pericytes
  2. none
  3. none
45
Q

Describe the tunics of a Collecting venule:

  1. Tunica Intima
  2. Tunica Media
  3. Tunica Adventitia
A
  1. endothelium and small amount of CT
  2. none
  3. CT, fibroblasts, and some pericytes
46
Q

Descrieb the tunics of a Muscular venule:

  1. Tunica Intima
  2. Tunica Media
  3. Tunica Adventitia
A
  1. present
  2. incomplete; some smooth muscle
  3. present with a few pericytes
47
Q

What type of venule has numerous pericytes in its tunica intima?

A

postcapillary venules

48
Q

What type of venule has no tunica media or tunica adventitia?

A

postcapillary venules

49
Q

What type of venule has CT, fibroblasts, and some pericytes in its tunica adventitia?

A

Collecting venule

50
Q

What type of venule has no tunica media, but has a tunica intima and adventitia?

A

collecting venules

51
Q

What type of venule has an incomplete smooth muscle layer for its tunica media?

A

Muscular venules

52
Q

What type of venule has a tunica adventitia with few pericytes?

A

muscular venules

collecting venules too, they just also have CT and fibroblasts

53
Q

What will an incomplete tunica media in venules allow for?

A

products of inflammation to get through and loosen endothelial cell junctions and end up with “leaky” venules

54
Q

What is usually the most dominant and thickest lumenal wall layer in veins?

A

tunica advantitia

55
Q

What vein type has a structure similar to muscular venules, except there is a complete tunica media?

A

Small veins

56
Q

What vein type are valves common in?

A

Medium Veins

57
Q

What is the structure of the layers in Medium Veins?

  1. tunica intima
  2. tunica media
  3. tunica adventitia
A
  1. endothelium, basal lamina, CT w/ reticular fibers, ~ elastic fiber network (but no IEL)
  2. smooth ms, collagen, fibroblasts
  3. thickest; CT w/ collagen and elastic fibers and few smooth ms cells; vasa vasorum possible
58
Q

What is the structure of the layers of Large Veins?

  1. tunica intima
  2. tunica media
  3. tunica adventitia
A
  1. similar to medium veins; thicker CT w/ fibroblasts and elastic fiber network
  2. complete, but thin
  3. thicker; fibro-elastic CT and vasa vasorum
59
Q

What are the four exceptions to the typical structure of large veins?

A
  1. superficial veins of legs
  2. pulmonary veins
  3. superior vena cava
  4. inferior vena cava
60
Q

What type of vein has a complete tunica media, but it is very thin?

A

large veins

61
Q

How is the structure in Superficial veins of the legs different than the typical structure of large veins?

A

Tunica media–> well-developed

62
Q

How is the structure of pulmonary veins different from the typical structure of large veins?

A

Tunica media–> well-developed

Tunica adventitia–> some cardiac muscle close to heart

63
Q

How is the structure of the Superior Vena Cava different than the typical structure of large veins?

A

Tunica adventitia–> some cardiac muscle close to heart

64
Q

How is the structure of the Inferior Vena Cava different than the structure of typically veins?

A

Tunica adventitia–> some cardiac muscle close to heart is possible AND some longitudinal smooth muscle

65
Q

What are enlarged and winding superficial veins in the legs?

A

Varicose veins

66
Q

What are three possible causes for Varicose veins?

A
  1. loss of skeletal muscle tone around the veins
  2. Degeneration of vessel wall
  3. Valve incompetence
67
Q

What are varicose veins in the lower esophagus called? What individuals are they common in?

A

Esophageal varices

common in alcoholics–> caused by portal hypertension

68
Q

What are varicose veins at the end of the anal canal called?

A

Hemorrhoids

69
Q

What are the three functions of lymphatic vessels?

A
  1. drain excess intersitial fluid
  2. transport lymph to lymph nodes (foreign Ag detection in lymph nodes)
  3. Transport lymph to blood stream
70
Q

What other vessels do lymphatic capillaries structurally resemble?

A

continuous blood capillaries

71
Q

What are the four types/kinds if lymphatic vessels?

A
  1. Lymphatic capillaries
  2. Small lymphatic vessels
  3. Medium and large lymphatic vessels
  4. Lymphatic Ducts
72
Q

What are the 5 things that make lymphatic capillaries different from continuous blood capillaries?

A
  1. blind ended (suddenly begin)
  2. NO pericytes*
  3. endothelial cells can overlap, but create clefts b/w cells allowing for easy movement of materials in/out
  4. NO fenestrae and NO tight junctions b/w endothelial cells*
  5. contain bundles of lymphatic anchoring filaments
73
Q

What are the two things that Lymphatic capillaries LACK, that continuous blood capillaries have?

A

Lack:

  • pericytes
  • fenestrae and tight junctions b/w endothelial cells
74
Q

What is one thing that Lymphatic capillaries contain that continuous blood capillaries don’t? What is the function of this structure?

A

contain bundles of lymphatic Anchoring Filaments (contain elastic fibers)

Fxn: support endothelial walls so capillaries stay open and hold to CT

75
Q

What other vessel do Small Lymphatic Vessels resemble?

A

venules

76
Q

In general, what other vessels do Medium and Large Lymphatic Vessels resemble?

A

larger vessel veins

skeletal muscle contraction propels lymph –similar to blood in veins

77
Q

Describe overall how Medium and Large Lymphatic Vessels are structurally made up.

A

larger lumen and thinner walls

tunics blend together more than veins

78
Q

Do small lymphatic vessels have all three layers of tunic?

A

yes; b/c they resemble venules

79
Q

Do Medium and Large lymphatic vessels have all three layers of tunic? What about valves?

A

Yes-all 3 layers

yes- and are closely spaced

80
Q

What is the structure of the three vessel layers making up Medium and Large lymphatic vessles?

  1. Tunica intima
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica adventitia
A
  1. endothelium and thin layer of CT with elastic fibers
  2. thin smooth muscle layers
  3. CT with collagen and elastic fibers
81
Q

Where do the lymphatic ducts empty into the venous system?

A

at the junction of the right internal jugular and subclavian veins

82
Q

What are the the two lymphatic ducts in the body?

A

Right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct

83
Q

Do lymphatic ducts have the three tunic layers?

A

yes

84
Q

What is the structure of the three vessel wall layers of Lymphatic ducts?

  1. tunica intima
  2. tunica media
  3. tunica adventitia
A
  1. endothelium; several layers of collagen and elastic fibers; layer of condensed elastic fibers (similar to an internal elastic lamina)
  2. longitudinal and circular layers of smooth ms
  3. longitudinal smooth muscle cells; collagenous CT; vasa vasorum-like vessels present

Organ Histology-- Anthony (11 decks)

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