Exam 1: Ch.3 Immune System Flashcards
What is our body’s three mechanisms of protection?
- Surface Protection
- Acute Inflammation
- Immune Response
What type of protection is keratin on the skin, mucus in respiratory and digestive systems, and an acidic env. in the vagina all examples of?
surface protection
What type of immunity is surface protection considered?
innate immunity
What type of protection is a non-specific process that involves neutrophils, macrophages, and eosinophils moving into an area?
Acute inflammation
What type of immunity is acute inflammation?
innate immunity
Immune response is an example of _____ immunity. ( or ____ immunity)
acquired immunity; or adaptive immunity
What are the two many types of Acquired Immunity (adaptive immunity)?
- Humoral Immunity
2. Cell Mediated Immunity
Which type of Adaptive immunity is usually a response to invading bacteria?
Humoral immunity
Which type of Adaptive immunity is usually a response to viruses, fungi, or foreign cells?
Cell Mediated Immunity
What is Humoral immunity usually mediated by?
What is Cell Mediated immunity usually mediated by?
B cells and plasma cells, with T cells
T cells
What will Humoral immunity involve the production of?
antibodies
T/F. Cell mediated immunity depends on B cells participation.
False– it DOES NOT require B-cell participation
What kind of response does Cell mediated immunity create?
a cytotoxic response
What are the three functions of the immune system?
- Storage of lymphocytes
- Increase numbers of lymphocytes
- Provide a favorable env. for establishing immunity
What are the two general components of the immune system?
- Diffuse lymphatics
2. Lymphatic organs
Diffuse lymphatics has a ______ capsule and functions in _____ type(s) of immunity.
no or incomplete capsule
fxns in Humoral immunity
Lymphatic organs have a ___ and function in ________ type(s) of immunity.
has a capsule
Humoral AND cell-mediated immunities
_____ Lymphoid organs provide an env. where lymphocytes become immunocompetent.
Primary
_____ Lymphoid organs provide an env. where lymphocytes can contact foreign antigens and interact with each other.
Secondary
What are examples of Primary lymphoid organs?
thymus and bone marrow
What are examples of Secondary lymphoid organs?
spleen and lymph nodes and diffuse lymphatics
What are the two categories of Diffuse Lymphatics?
- MALT (Mucosal-Associated Lymphatic Tissue)
2. Tonsils (2 types)
What are the two “subcategories” of MALT (Mucosal-Ass. Lymphatic Tissue)?
- GALT (Gut-Associated Lymphatic Tissue)
2. BALT (Bronchial-Ass. Lymphatic Tissue)
Where is MALT found?
GI, respiratory, and urogenital tracts
In MALT, if there is a lymph nodules, what can we assume?
B cells dividing –> B memory cells + plasma cells —> IgG or IgA
Secretory IgA. What are they?
secreted onto free epithelial surfaces and are an important first line of defense against infection
T/F. Secretory IgA’s are Antigen specific.
True
Where are examples of where Secretory IgA’s can be found?
- tears
- saliva
- gut lumen
- nasal cavity
- vaginal surface
What three things are IgA’s able to do?
- neutralize viruses
- neutralize bacterial toxins
- decrease microbial adhesion to host cells
What type of lymphatic tissue is found in individual lymph nodules or Peyer’s patches in the ileum?
GALT (Gut-Ass. Lymphatic Tissue)
–in GI tract
What type of lymphatic tissue commonly forms when air tubes bifurcate and are lymph nodules w/in the respiratory system?
BALT (Bronchial-Associated Lymphatic Tissue)
What are the two types of Tonsils?
- With Epithelial Folds = Pleated Tonsils
2. With Tonsilar Crypts
What type of tonsils are Pharyngeal Tonsils?
Epithelial Folds (Pleated Tonsils)
What type of tonsils are Palatine Tonsils(Faucial Tonsils)?
Tonsilar Crypts
What type of tonsils are Lingual Tonsils?
Tonsilar Crypts
Where are pharyngeal tonsils located and what is their surface epithelium?
1 in roof of nasopharynx
respiratory epithelium
What are pharyngeal tonsils called when they are inflamed? When this occurs when can be blocked?
adenoids
eustachian tubes and may cause ear infs.
What are palatine tonsils also known as?
Faucial tonsils
Where are Palatine (Faucial) Tonsils located? What type of surface epithelium do they have?
boundary of oral cavity and oropharynx
stratified squamous
(partial capsule likely)
What are two advantages of Palatine tonsils? What is one disadvantage?
Advantages:
- more surface area for detecting foreign antigens
- more area for lymph nodule formation of CT
Disadvantage:
1. Deep depressions–> bacteria can thrive –> inflam. –> tonsillitis
Where are Lingual Tonsils located? What type of surface epithelium?
dorsal posterior 1/3 of the tongue in oral cavity
stratified squamous (same as Palatine tonsils)
What is the tonsillar ring around the openings to the digestive and respiratory systems called?
Waldeyer’s Ring
Lymph nodes are small oval organs that are strung along the length of lymphatic vessels. Where are they common in? Are they a primary or secondary lymph organ?
neck, axilla, and groin regions
secondary lymph organ
What are the two major functions of lymph nodes?
- Filtration of lymph using phagocytosis
2. Establish humoral and cell mediated immunities (= both types of adaptive immunity)
What does the structure of a lymph node all include?
- Capsule
- Afferent Lymphatics
- Efferent Lymphatics
- Hilum
- System of Sinuses
- Regions of a Lymph Node
What is the capsule of a lymph node? (describe tissue)
dense irregular CT of moderate thickness
What does the capusule of a lymph node contain that is dense irregular CT that divides regions into compartments?
Trabeculae (or called Septa)
Afferent lymphatics are ______ vessels and ____ valves.
Efferent lymphatics are _____ vessels and ____ valves.
Afferent–> in-coming and has valves
Efferent –> out-going and has valves
What structure of a lymph node is the recessed area where efferent lymph exits and blood will enter and exit called?
hilum
What are the four sinuses involved in the system of sinuses of a lymph node?
- Subcapsular Sinus (Marginal Sinus)
- Cortical Sinus
- Deep Cortical Sinus
- Medullary Sinus
What sinus is the first to receive afferent lymph?
subcapsular sinus (= Marginal Sinus)
What lymph node sinus passes through the cortex?
Cortical sinus
What lymph node sinus passes through the deep cortex/ paracortex region?
Deep cortical sinus
What lymph node sinus passes through the medulla region?
Medullary sinus
What are the three regions of the lymph node from outermost to innermost?
- Cortex
- Paracortex
- Medulla
Cells within all regions and sinuses of the lymph node are supported by a system of what?
reticular fibers, which are produced by reticular cells
What cells are found in the cortex region of the lymph node?
- macrophages
- reticular cells
- some T cells and plasma cells
- follicular dendritic cells (FDCs)
What is the primary cell type found in the cortex of a lymph node?
B lymphocytes (B cells)
What activity takes place in the cortex of a lymph node?
phagocytosis and humoral immunity (primary IgG)
What region of the lymph node contains lymph nodules?
cortex
What are the two types of Lymph nodules?
- Primary Lymphoid Nodule
2. Secondary Lymphoid Nodule