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Organ Histology-- Anthony > Exam 1: Ch.3 Immune System > Flashcards

Exam 1: Ch.3 Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What is our body’s three mechanisms of protection?

A
  1. Surface Protection
  2. Acute Inflammation
  3. Immune Response
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2
Q

What type of protection is keratin on the skin, mucus in respiratory and digestive systems, and an acidic env. in the vagina all examples of?

A

surface protection

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3
Q

What type of immunity is surface protection considered?

A

innate immunity

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4
Q

What type of protection is a non-specific process that involves neutrophils, macrophages, and eosinophils moving into an area?

A

Acute inflammation

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5
Q

What type of immunity is acute inflammation?

A

innate immunity

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6
Q

Immune response is an example of _____ immunity. ( or ____ immunity)

A

acquired immunity; or adaptive immunity

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7
Q

What are the two many types of Acquired Immunity (adaptive immunity)?

A
  1. Humoral Immunity

2. Cell Mediated Immunity

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8
Q

Which type of Adaptive immunity is usually a response to invading bacteria?

A

Humoral immunity

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9
Q

Which type of Adaptive immunity is usually a response to viruses, fungi, or foreign cells?

A

Cell Mediated Immunity

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10
Q

What is Humoral immunity usually mediated by?

What is Cell Mediated immunity usually mediated by?

A

B cells and plasma cells, with T cells

T cells

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11
Q

What will Humoral immunity involve the production of?

A

antibodies

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12
Q

T/F. Cell mediated immunity depends on B cells participation.

A

False– it DOES NOT require B-cell participation

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13
Q

What kind of response does Cell mediated immunity create?

A

a cytotoxic response

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14
Q

What are the three functions of the immune system?

A
  1. Storage of lymphocytes
  2. Increase numbers of lymphocytes
  3. Provide a favorable env. for establishing immunity
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15
Q

What are the two general components of the immune system?

A
  1. Diffuse lymphatics

2. Lymphatic organs

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16
Q

Diffuse lymphatics has a ______ capsule and functions in _____ type(s) of immunity.

A

no or incomplete capsule

fxns in Humoral immunity

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17
Q

Lymphatic organs have a ___ and function in ________ type(s) of immunity.

A

has a capsule

Humoral AND cell-mediated immunities

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18
Q

_____ Lymphoid organs provide an env. where lymphocytes become immunocompetent.

A

Primary

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19
Q

_____ Lymphoid organs provide an env. where lymphocytes can contact foreign antigens and interact with each other.

A

Secondary

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20
Q

What are examples of Primary lymphoid organs?

A

thymus and bone marrow

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21
Q

What are examples of Secondary lymphoid organs?

A

spleen and lymph nodes and diffuse lymphatics

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22
Q

What are the two categories of Diffuse Lymphatics?

A
  1. MALT (Mucosal-Associated Lymphatic Tissue)

2. Tonsils (2 types)

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23
Q

What are the two “subcategories” of MALT (Mucosal-Ass. Lymphatic Tissue)?

A
  1. GALT (Gut-Associated Lymphatic Tissue)

2. BALT (Bronchial-Ass. Lymphatic Tissue)

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24
Q

Where is MALT found?

A

GI, respiratory, and urogenital tracts

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25
Q

In MALT, if there is a lymph nodules, what can we assume?

A

B cells dividing –> B memory cells + plasma cells —> IgG or IgA

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26
Q

Secretory IgA. What are they?

A

secreted onto free epithelial surfaces and are an important first line of defense against infection

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27
Q

T/F. Secretory IgA’s are Antigen specific.

A

True

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28
Q

Where are examples of where Secretory IgA’s can be found?

A
  • tears
  • saliva
  • gut lumen
  • nasal cavity
  • vaginal surface
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29
Q

What three things are IgA’s able to do?

A
  1. neutralize viruses
  2. neutralize bacterial toxins
  3. decrease microbial adhesion to host cells
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30
Q

What type of lymphatic tissue is found in individual lymph nodules or Peyer’s patches in the ileum?

A

GALT (Gut-Ass. Lymphatic Tissue)

–in GI tract

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31
Q

What type of lymphatic tissue commonly forms when air tubes bifurcate and are lymph nodules w/in the respiratory system?

A

BALT (Bronchial-Associated Lymphatic Tissue)

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32
Q

What are the two types of Tonsils?

A
  1. With Epithelial Folds = Pleated Tonsils

2. With Tonsilar Crypts

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33
Q

What type of tonsils are Pharyngeal Tonsils?

A

Epithelial Folds (Pleated Tonsils)

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34
Q

What type of tonsils are Palatine Tonsils(Faucial Tonsils)?

A

Tonsilar Crypts

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35
Q

What type of tonsils are Lingual Tonsils?

A

Tonsilar Crypts

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36
Q

Where are pharyngeal tonsils located and what is their surface epithelium?

A

1 in roof of nasopharynx

respiratory epithelium

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37
Q

What are pharyngeal tonsils called when they are inflamed? When this occurs when can be blocked?

A

adenoids

eustachian tubes and may cause ear infs.

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38
Q

What are palatine tonsils also known as?

A

Faucial tonsils

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39
Q

Where are Palatine (Faucial) Tonsils located? What type of surface epithelium do they have?

A

boundary of oral cavity and oropharynx

stratified squamous

(partial capsule likely)

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40
Q

What are two advantages of Palatine tonsils? What is one disadvantage?

A

Advantages:

  1. more surface area for detecting foreign antigens
  2. more area for lymph nodule formation of CT

Disadvantage:
1. Deep depressions–> bacteria can thrive –> inflam. –> tonsillitis

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41
Q

Where are Lingual Tonsils located? What type of surface epithelium?

A

dorsal posterior 1/3 of the tongue in oral cavity

stratified squamous (same as Palatine tonsils)

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42
Q

What is the tonsillar ring around the openings to the digestive and respiratory systems called?

A

Waldeyer’s Ring

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43
Q

Lymph nodes are small oval organs that are strung along the length of lymphatic vessels. Where are they common in? Are they a primary or secondary lymph organ?

A

neck, axilla, and groin regions

secondary lymph organ

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44
Q

What are the two major functions of lymph nodes?

A
  1. Filtration of lymph using phagocytosis

2. Establish humoral and cell mediated immunities (= both types of adaptive immunity)

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45
Q

What does the structure of a lymph node all include?

A
  1. Capsule
  2. Afferent Lymphatics
  3. Efferent Lymphatics
  4. Hilum
  5. System of Sinuses
  6. Regions of a Lymph Node
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46
Q

What is the capsule of a lymph node? (describe tissue)

A

dense irregular CT of moderate thickness

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47
Q

What does the capusule of a lymph node contain that is dense irregular CT that divides regions into compartments?

A

Trabeculae (or called Septa)

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48
Q

Afferent lymphatics are ______ vessels and ____ valves.

Efferent lymphatics are _____ vessels and ____ valves.

A

Afferent–> in-coming and has valves

Efferent –> out-going and has valves

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49
Q

What structure of a lymph node is the recessed area where efferent lymph exits and blood will enter and exit called?

A

hilum

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50
Q

What are the four sinuses involved in the system of sinuses of a lymph node?

A
  1. Subcapsular Sinus (Marginal Sinus)
  2. Cortical Sinus
  3. Deep Cortical Sinus
  4. Medullary Sinus
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51
Q

What sinus is the first to receive afferent lymph?

A

subcapsular sinus (= Marginal Sinus)

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52
Q

What lymph node sinus passes through the cortex?

A

Cortical sinus

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53
Q

What lymph node sinus passes through the deep cortex/ paracortex region?

A

Deep cortical sinus

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54
Q

What lymph node sinus passes through the medulla region?

A

Medullary sinus

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55
Q

What are the three regions of the lymph node from outermost to innermost?

A
  1. Cortex
  2. Paracortex
  3. Medulla
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56
Q

Cells within all regions and sinuses of the lymph node are supported by a system of what?

A

reticular fibers, which are produced by reticular cells

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57
Q

What cells are found in the cortex region of the lymph node?

A
  • macrophages
  • reticular cells
  • some T cells and plasma cells
  • follicular dendritic cells (FDCs)
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58
Q

What is the primary cell type found in the cortex of a lymph node?

A

B lymphocytes (B cells)

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59
Q

What activity takes place in the cortex of a lymph node?

A

phagocytosis and humoral immunity (primary IgG)

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60
Q

What region of the lymph node contains lymph nodules?

A

cortex

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61
Q

What are the two types of Lymph nodules?

A
  1. Primary Lymphoid Nodule

2. Secondary Lymphoid Nodule

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62
Q

Which lymphoid nodule forms in response to a foreign antigen?

A

Secondary

63
Q

Which lymphoid nodule does not contain germinal centers?

A

Primary

64
Q

Which lymphoid nodule contains germinal centers?

A

Secondary

65
Q

Which lymphoid nodule are you more likely to find naive B cells and many B memory cells?

A

Primary

66
Q

Which lymphoid nodule will you find active B cell division?

A

Secondary

67
Q

Which lymphoid nodule will you find FDCs (Follicular dendritic cells)?

A

Secondary

68
Q

What region of the lymph node is known as the Thymus Dependent Zone?

A

Paracortex (= Deep Cortex)

69
Q

What are the cell types found in the paracortex region of a lymph node?

A
  • macrophages
  • reticular cells
  • some B cells
  • dendritic cells (DCs)
70
Q

What is the primary cell type found in the paracortex region of a lymph node?

A

T lymphocytes (T cells)

71
Q

Activity in the paracortex of a lymph node consists of what three things?

A
  1. long term storage site for T cells; can enlarge with T-cell stimulation
  2. phagocytosis
  3. cell mediated immunity
72
Q

What region of a lymph node will you find HEV’s? What are HEV’s?

A

= High Endothelial Venules

found in paracortex

73
Q

What type of cells are HEV’s lined with?

A

(High Endothelial Venules)

cuboid cells

74
Q

What is the function of HEV’s?

A

promote passage of B and T cells into the lymph node from the blood

75
Q

What is considered an important cross-over point b/w the blood and lymph fluids in the lymph node?

A

HEV’s (High Endothelial Venules) in the paracortex

76
Q

What will cause the paracortex to thin?

A

HIV

why?– b/c the retrovirus is taking out the T-helper cells

77
Q

What cells are found in the medulla of a lymph node?

A
  • macrophages
  • reticular cells
  • B cells
  • DCs (dendritic cells)
  • fewer T cells
78
Q

What is the primary cell type found in the medulla of a lymph node?

A

Plasma cells

79
Q

What activity does the medulla of a lymph node have?

A

phagocytosis and some cell-mediated immunity

much Humoral immunity b/c of antibody secretion

80
Q

What part of the lymph node will we find the medullary sinuses and medullary cords?

A

Medulla region

81
Q

What are the areas of lower cell density in medulla region of a lymph node?

A

medullary sinuses

82
Q

What are the areas with high cell density b/w the sinuses in the medulla of a lymph node?

A

medullary cords

83
Q

The thymus is a ____ lymph organ that extends over the great heart vessels.

A

primary

84
Q

When does involution of the thymus begin? Where does it start and end?

A

begins after puberty

  • 1st in septa
  • 2nd in cortex
  • 3rd in medulla
85
Q

At what age is there little functioning thymus left?

A

25 years of age

86
Q

What is the important function of the thymus?

A

Establishment of immunocompetent T lymphocytes

87
Q

What does the important function of the thymus– Establishment of immunocompetent T lymphocytes mean for the body?

A
  1. can distinguish self from non-self antigens

2. to develop self tolerance

88
Q

What is a T lymphoblasts in the thymus called?

A

thymocyte

89
Q

What are two structural characteristics of the thymus?

A
  1. thin delicate capsule of dense irregular CT

2. Lobules with a peripheral cortex and a central medulla

90
Q

What are the 4 types of Thymic supportive tissue?

A
  1. Capsule
  2. Septa
  3. Adipose
  4. Microstroma = thymic epithelial cells (TEC’s)
91
Q

What is another name for the Thymic Epithelial Cells (TEC’s)?

A

Epithelioreticular Cells (TEC’s)

92
Q

How many differnt types of TEC’s are there?

A

TEC’s = Thymic Epithelial Cells

6 types

93
Q

What are 5 functions of the TEC’s (thymic epithelial cells)?

A
  1. offer support using cytoplasmic proceses
  2. Secrete thymic hormones and cytokines
  3. form thymic corpuscles (Hassal’s bodies)
  4. important component of blood-thymic barrier
  5. function as APC for maturing T cells
94
Q

T/F. TEC’s (thymic epithelial cells) produce reticular fibers.

A

FALSEEEEEE

95
Q

What is the function of the secreted thymic hormones and cytokines?

A

influence T cell maturation, division, and activities

96
Q

Where are thymic corpuscles (Hassall’s bodies) located in the thymus? What type of TEC’s form these?

A

medullla

TEC Type VI

97
Q

What is the function of thymic corpuscles formed by the thymus?

A

secrete cytokines to influence local dendritic cells and the development of some T cells

98
Q

T/F. The size and number of thymic corpuscles increase with age.

A

True

99
Q

What does the blood-thymic barrier consist of?

A
  • continuous capillaries with a thick basal lamina (note: also pericytes outside of the basal lamina)
  • perivascular compartment
100
Q

What does the perivascular compartment of the blood-thymic barrier consists of?

A

CT with many macrophages to destroy foreign molecules

101
Q

What type of TEC type does the blood-thymic barrier have complete covering of with a basal lamina?

A

TEC Type I

102
Q

What is the function of the blood-thymic barrier?

A

to prevent T cells from physically contacting foreign antigens

103
Q

What is the blood-thymic barrier only around? Why?

A

cortical capillaries–> to allow self-molecules through but block blood/lymph macromolecules

104
Q

What are the functioning regions (parenchyma) of the thymus?

A
  1. Cortex (high cell density)

2. Medulla (lower cell density)

105
Q

What types of cells are found in the Cortex of the thymus?

A
  • large numbers of T cells
  • large numbers of macrophages
  • TEC Types I, II, III
106
Q

TEC types I, II, III are found in what functioning area of the thymus?

A

Cortex

107
Q

TEC types IV, V, VI are found in what functioning area of the thymus?

A

Medulla

108
Q

What types of cells does the medulla of the thymus contain?

A
  • fewer but larger T cells
  • macrophages
  • APC: dendritic cells
  • TEC Types IV, V, VI
109
Q

Where are T lymphocytes produced? Where do they mature?

A

bone marrow

thymus

110
Q

As T lymphocytes enter the Thymus for the first time, what do we call them?

A

as immunoINcompetent T cells (thymocytes)

111
Q

Where do T lymphocytes leave the bloodstream and enter the thymus?

A

at corticomedullary line

112
Q

Once T cells enter the thymus they migrate to periphery of the cortex and then what?

A

T cells divide and are tested thru the Positive Selection process

113
Q

What happens to T cells that fail the Positive Selection process?

A

~98% fail and will undergo apoptosis

114
Q

What happens to the T cells that survive the Positive Selection process in the thymus?

A

migrate back towards the medulla

115
Q

Once T cells migrate back toward the medulla they will continue maturation in the medulla through what type of process?

A

Negative Selection Process –> cytoxic T and T helper cells

116
Q

How do mature immunocompetent T cells leave the thymus?

A

in post-capillary venules or efferent lymph

117
Q

Where does these mature immunocompettent T cells go once they leave the thymus?

A

secondary lymphoid organs like lymph nodes and spleen

118
Q

What is lacking the the thymus?

A
  1. afferent lymph vessels
  2. reticular fibers–therefore no..
  3. reticular cells
119
Q

What are the 5 functions of the spleen?

A
  1. immunity
  2. blood filtration using macrophages
  3. long term T cell storage
  4. Stores some WBCs and platelets, and large numbers of monocytes
  5. hemopoietic organ in fetus
120
Q

What does the spleen serve as for the fetus?

A

hemopoietic organ

121
Q

The spleen has a convex surface and a concave area called what?

A

hilum

122
Q

What are 6 structures of the spleen?

A
  1. hilum
  2. Capsule
  3. Trabeculae
  4. Lymphatic vessels (efferents only)
  5. support by reticular fibers
  6. Parenchyma
123
Q

Describe the capsule of the spleen.

A

Thick dense irregular fibroelastic CT

are some smooth muscle cells and/or myofibroblasts

124
Q

Describe the Trabeculae of the spleen.

A
  • dense irregulat CT;
  • thick, numerous, tortuous;
  • carries blood vessels (i.e. trabecular arteries)
125
Q

T/F. The spleen contains both afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels.

A

False– the spleen only contains efferent vessels

126
Q

Are there reticular fibers in the spleen?

A

yes, they support the cells, and they are produced by reticular cells

127
Q

What are the two areas of the splenic parenchyma?

A
  1. White pulp

2. Red pulp

128
Q

T/F. Most of the spleen is Red pulp.

A

True

129
Q

What part of the splenic parenchyma consists of areas of concentrated WBCs, primarily lymphocytes?

A

White pulp (~5-20% of the spleen)

130
Q

What is the general function of the White pulp of the spleen?

A

immunity

131
Q

In the spleen, hat part contains Splenic Nodules?

A

the White pulp

132
Q

Where is the white pulp located in the spleen?

A

next to the capsule and septa

133
Q

Who more commonly has Splenic Nodules? What cell type is primarily here? And what type of immunity?

A

children; primarily B cell structure; and humoral immunity

134
Q

What are PALS? Where are they found in the spleen?

A

= Periarteriolar Lymphoid Sheaths

in the White pulp

135
Q

Can you describe what the PALS of the white pulp of the spleen include? (cells, what surround, immunity type)

A
  • long term storage site for T cells
  • primarily a T cell structure
  • surround Central Arterioles
  • cell-mediated immunity
136
Q

In the spleen, where are T cells primarily?

A

in the PALS of the white pulp

“lets get some PALS together for some Tea”

137
Q

What do we call the areas that are not white pulp or CT in the spleen?

A

Red pulp (most of the spleen is red pulp)

138
Q

What are the two functions of the Red pulp of the spleen?

A
  1. Rapid blood filtration

2. allows contact with blood-bourne foreign antigens

139
Q

The structure of the Red pulp consists of what two main things?

A
  1. circulation of closed and open capillaries

2. Splenic cords

140
Q

Describe the circulation of the Red pulp of the spleen.

A

Combination of:
1. Closed – capillaries connect to fenstrated venous sinuses made of Stave Cells

  1. Open – capillaries end abruptly; all blood enters red pulp to be filtered
141
Q

What is unique about the closed capillaries in the Red pulp of the spleen?

A

only some blood is filtered here

142
Q

Where in the red pulp does all blood enter it to be filtered?

A

open capillaries

143
Q

What are Stave cells?

A

make up the fenstrated venous sinuses in the Red Pulp

are unusually elongated endothelial cells

144
Q

What do the Splenic cords components include?

A

(in Red pulp)

  • loose network of reticular fibers
  • reticular cells
  • MANY macrophages
  • Blood = WBCs, RBCs, platelets, monocytes
  • APC’s = mostly dendritic cells and macrophages
  • Plasma cells (b/c they don’t circulate in blood)
145
Q

What APC’s are found in the Splenic cords of the red pulp?

A

mostly dendritic cells and macrophages

146
Q

What does the blood in the Splenic cords of the splenic red pulp consists of?

A

WBCs, RBCs, platelets, moncytes

147
Q

When someone has a Splenectomy, what are three effects that occur?

A
  1. Blood changes and there is an increase in bumber of platelts and abnromal RBC’s
  2. Infection– increase risk of bacterial septicemia
  3. Liver take up blood filtration
148
Q

What takes up blood filtration when someone has a splenectomy? How soon does this occur?

A

Liver (some in bone marrow too)

  • starts in ~2hrs with some filtration and fully fxning in ~24hrs
  • macrophages numbers increase greatly
149
Q

Children than must have a splenectomy are at a greater risk of bacterial septicemia when they are inf. with what ?

A

Strep pneumo

150
Q

What causes infectious mononucleosis?

A

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in mucus and saliva

151
Q

Where will the EBV first replicate? Where can it spread to?

A

nasopharyngeal epithelium–> can spread to salivary glands, lymph nodes, and oropharyngeal lymphoid tissues—>
then spread to liver, spleen, B cells, and blood

152
Q

What occurs if B cells are infected by EBV as they circulate through the oropharynx?

A

initiate a cytotoxic T cell response —–> decrease B cell numbers

153
Q

What are the primary source of the new EBV?

A

epithelial cells

Organ Histology-- Anthony (11 decks)

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