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Organ Histology-- Anthony > Exam 2: Urinary System > Flashcards

Exam 2: Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are all the organs included in the Urinary system?

A
  1. Kidneys (2)
  2. Ureters (2)
  3. Urinary Bladder (1)
  4. Urethra (1)
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2
Q

What are the 4 general functions of the kidney?

A
  1. regulate water and electrolyte balance
  2. excretion of nitrogenous wastes and some water and electrolytes
  3. excretion of some other materials (i.e. drugs)
  4. secrete renin
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3
Q

What are the 6 general parts of the kidney?

A
  1. Capsule
  2. Hilum
  3. Renal pelvis
  4. major calyces
  5. minor calyces
  6. renal sinus
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4
Q

What is the capsule of the kidney made of?

A

dense irregular CT

it is thin and fibrous

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5
Q

What is the hilum of the kidney?

A 
is concave and medial
Where:
- nerves in
- ureters exit
- blood and lymph enter and exit
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6
Q

What is the widening of the ureter called?

A

renal pelvis

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7
Q

What are the broad spaces w/in the kidney to collect urine and direct to renal pelvis? How many are there per kidney?

A

major calyces, 2-3 per kidney

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8
Q

What are the smaller collecting areas from each major calyx? What do they contain?

A

minor calyces–> contain renal papilla = tip of each renal pyramid

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9
Q

What is the area surrounding the pelvis, major calyces, and minor calyces? What does it contain?

A

renal sinus; contains adipose

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10
Q

What are the two general regions of the parenchyma within the kidney?

A
  1. Cortex

2. Medulla

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11
Q

What three things does the Cortex of the kidney contain?

A
  1. Renal corpuscles
  2. Tubules
  3. Medullary Rays
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12
Q

What do the medullary rays of the cortex of the kidney extend from? What do they contain?

A

extend from medulla into cortex

contain primarily portions of the Loop of Henle and collecting tubules

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13
Q

What does the medulla region of the kidney contain?

A
  1. Renal pyramids

2. Renal columns

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14
Q

How many renal pyramids are in each kidney?

A

8-12/kidney (in medulla)

has parallel nephrons and collecting ducts

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15
Q

What are the areas separating the renal pyramids in the kidney? What does it contain?

A 
renal columns (found in renal medulla) 
Has:
- blood vessels, 
- urinary tubes, and 
- fibrous CT
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16
Q

How many nephrons does each kidney contain?

A

~ 1 million

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17
Q

What are the 5 parts of a nephron and in order from where capillaries first interact with it?

A
  1. Renal Corpuscle
  2. Proximal Convoluted Tubules (PCT)
  3. Loop of Henle
  4. Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
  5. Connecting Tubule
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18
Q

Where is the renal corpuscle located?

A

always in the cortex

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19
Q

What is the general function of the renal corpuscle?

A

blood filtration

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20
Q

What are the 3 parts of a renal corpuscle?

A
  1. Bowman’s (glomerular) capsule
  2. Glomerulus
  3. Mesangial Cells
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21
Q

How many layers does the Bowman’s Capsule have and what are they?

A

(found in Renal Corpuscle)

  1. Parietal Layer
  2. Visceral Layer
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22
Q

What type of epithelium is the parietal layer of the Bowman’s Capsule made of?

A

simple squamous epithelium

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23
Q

Where in the nephron are podocytes found?

A

in Visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule, part of the Renal corpuscle

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24
Q

What is the visceral layer of the Bowman’s Capsule mad of?

A

internal layer of podocytes

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25
Q

What are modified epithelial cells contain pedicels?

A

podocytes (in Visceral layer of Bowman’s Capsule)

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26
Q

What are the secondary podocyte cell processes covering the glomerular capillaries and creating filtration slits?

A

pedicels (in visceral layer of Bowman’s Capsule)

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27
Q

What is the space between the parietal and visceral layers of the Bowman’s capsule?

A

Urinary (capsular) space

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28
Q

What does the Urinary (capsular) space receive?

A

(part of the renal corpuscle)

receives the filtrated fluid from capillaries

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29
Q

What is the fenestrated capillary network inside the visceral layer of Bowman Capsule called?

A

Glomerulus (is a “tuft of capillaries”)

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30
Q

What type of basement membrane does the glomerulus have?

A

a thick basement membrane

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31
Q

What is the function of the glomerulus?

A

blocks large proteins

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32
Q

What makes the glomerulus unique about its placement?

A

located b/w 2 arterioles so muscle in tunica media can create an increased capillary pressure to enhance filtration

(contraction will increase filtration)

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33
Q

What are the special cells found w/in the renal corpuscles and are thought to replace regular CT cells?

A

Mesangial cells (are pericyte-like)

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34
Q

Where are Mesangial cells often present?

A

in areas lacking podocytes (all w/in the renal corpuscle)

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35
Q

What are the functions of Mesangial cells?

A
  1. structural support (of capillaries)
  2. adjust capillary pressure for good filtration
  3. phagocytosis of interfering materials
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36
Q

What are the first set of tubules after the renal corpuscle?

A

Proximal convoluted tubules (PCT)

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37
Q

What type of epithelium as the proximal convoluted tubules made of?

A

simple cuboidal with many long microvilli

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38
Q

Where are the proximal convoluted tubules located?

A

cortex of the kidney

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39
Q

What comes after the proximal convoluted tubules?

A

Loop of Henle (4 parts)

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40
Q

What are the four parts of the Loop of Henle?

A
  1. Proximal straight tubule
  2. thin descending limb
  3. thin ascending limb
  4. thick ascending limb
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41
Q

What type of epithelium is the proximal straight tubule made of?

A

simple cuboidal (NO microvilli)

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42
Q

Where is the proximal straight tubule located?

A

medulla of the kidney

43
Q

What type of epithelium are the thin descending and ascending limbs made of?

A

simple squamous

44
Q

Where are the thin descending and ascending limbs of the kidney located?

A

medulla of the kidney

45
Q

What type of epithelium are the thick ascending limbs made up of?

A

simple cudoidal (NO microvilli)

46
Q

Where are the thick ascending limbs located?

A

medulla and medullary rays of the kidney

47
Q

What type of epithelium are the distal convoluted tubules made of?

A

simple cuboidal (shorter cells with fewer and shorter microvilli)

48
Q

Where are the distal convoluted tubules located?

A

cortex of the kidney (close to renal corpuscle)

49
Q

What is a special part of distal convoluted tubules at the vascular pole that contain closely packed columnar cells? What apparatus is this a part of?

A

Macula densa; a part of juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

50
Q

What type of cells does the Macula densa, a special part of distal convoluted tubules at the vascular pole, contain?

A

closely packed columnar cells

51
Q

What are the three parts of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)?

A
  1. macula densa
  2. juxtaglomerular granular cells = smooth ms. cells in afferent arterioles
  3. lacis cells = extraglomerular mesangial cells
52
Q

What type of epithelium are connecting tubules made of?

A

simple squamous to simple cuboidal

53
Q

T/F. The collecting ducts are the last part to be considered a part of the nephron.

A

False– the “connecting tubule” is the last part of the nephron

54
Q

What type of epithelium are the collecting ducts made of?

A

simple cuboidal to simple columnar (in larger ducts)

55
Q

What are the two cell types found in collecting ducts?

A
  1. Principle cells = light cells = collecting duct cells

2. Intercalated cells = dark cells

56
Q

What are the MC cell type in the collecting ducts?

A

principle cells (or light cells or collecting duct cells)

57
Q

Where are the Principle cells associated with the collecting ducts located in the kidney?

A

medullary rays and medulla

58
Q

Are intercalated cells or principle cells more abundant in the Collecting ducts?

A

principle cells

intercalated cells are fewer in number

59
Q

Where are they intercalated cells ass. with the collecting ducts located?

A

medullary rays

60
Q

Where do the collecting ducts lead to? What will that lead to? And finally what will that lead to?

A

collecting ducts–> papillary duct–> renal papillae–> minor calyx–> (ureter)

61
Q

What are the major Luminal Wall layers, in general?

A
  1. Mucosa (epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae)
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis externa (ME)
  4. Adventitia
    ~Serosa = squamous cells w/ lubrication fxn outside of ME
62
Q

What are the three sublayers of the Mucosa and what do they contain?

A
  1. Epithelium–> varies based on organ fxn
  2. Lamina propria–> loose CT w/ small blood vessels; lymphatics, nerves, ~glands; supports epithelium
  3. Muscularis mucosae–> longitudinal arranged smooth ms.; discont,; provides strength; thickness varies
63
Q

What does the “normal” Submucosa layer contain?

A
  • more fibrous CT
  • provides strength
  • larger blood vessels
  • glands possble
64
Q

What does the Muscularis Externa layer consist of? What the normal pattern considered?

A
  • sig. muscle layer
  • USUALLY smooth ms.
    Normal Pattern: inner circular and outer longitudinal
65
Q

Describe the “normal” Adventitia layer?

A

CT on outside of muscularis externa; has a binding function*

66
Q

What is the serosa associated with luminal wall layers?

A

(= visceral peritoneum when below diaphragm)

- an edge of squamous cells outside the Muscularis Externa; can secrete serous fluid and has a lubrication function*

67
Q

What is the function of Ureters?

A

to transport urine to urinary bladder

2 of them, ~24-34cm long

68
Q

What is the surface epithelium for the Mucosa luminal wall layer of the ureters?

A

urothelium (has 3 basic layers)

~4-5 cell layers thick

69
Q

What are the 3 basic layers of the surface epithelium of the Mucosa luminal wall layer of a Ureter?

A
  1. one layer of basal cells
  2. one to several layers of intermediate cells (more columnar shape)
  3. one layer of large superficial cells (can be bi-nucleate)
70
Q

Within the Mucosa layer of the Ureter, describe the Lamina propria.

A

rather dense irregular CT

normal pattern is loose CT

71
Q

Describe the Submucosa layer of the Ureter.

A

blends with lamina propria

72
Q

Describe the Muscularis Externa layer of the Ureter

A

smooth ms mixed w/ CT
REVERSE PATTERN–> inner longitudinal and outer circular

Distal end has 3 muscle layers

73
Q

What happens at the distal end of the Muscularis Externa layer in the ureters?

A

Has 3 Muscle Layers:

  • inner longitudinal
  • middle circular
  • outer longitudinal
74
Q

T/F. Peristaltic contraction helps move the urine in the ureters.

A

True

75
Q

What does the Adventitia layer of the ureters contain?

A

adipose, blood vessels, and nerves

76
Q

Hows does the ureter connect to the bladder? why?

A

enters at an angle to create a valve–> as bladder fills entrance to ureters is closed

77
Q

What is the function of the valve that is created due to the way the ureters connect to the bladder? Why is this important?

A

prevent backflow of urine into ureters

important to stop the spread of infection to the kidneys

78
Q

What is the function of the urinary bladder?

A

to store urine

79
Q

Does the ureter or urinary bladder have a muscularis mucosae w/in their mucosa layers?

A

NOPE

80
Q

What type of epithelium is the mucosa layer of the urinary bladder>

A

transtitional/ urothelium

81
Q

What is the function of the epithelium in the mucosa of the urinary bladder?

A

(transitonal/urothelium)

to stretch and protect from hypertonic and toxic urine

82
Q

What are unique characteristics of the epithelium of the mucosa layer in the urinary bladder?

A

(transitional/urothelium)

  • usually 6+ layers thick
  • Umbrella cells–> one layer of large superficial cells (can be bi-nucleated)
  • *Plaque develops on free edge of epithelial plasma membrane
83
Q

Where is the unique feature of plaque located in the urinary system? What is its function?

A

in transtional/urothelium epithelium layer of mucosa in BLADDER
–has thick and thin areas so can fold at thinner areas when bladder collapses
Functions:
1. protection of cells with tissues beneath
2. to block water passage (out of living tissue)

84
Q

Describe the Lamina propria of the urinary bladder.

A

dense irregular CT

same as Ureter

85
Q

Describe the Submucosa of the urinary bladder.

A

thin and blends with lamina propria

86
Q

Is the muscularis externa of the urinary bladder “normal pattern” or different?

A

has 3 indistinct smooth ms layers = Detrusor Muscle

    • inner longitudinal
    • middle circular
    • outer longitudinal

~Internal Urethral Sphincter

87
Q

What are three notes about the Internal Urethral Sphincter?

A
  1. circle of smooth muscle close to urethral opening
  2. part of detrusor muscle
  3. involuntary sphincter
88
Q

Does the urinary bladder have an Adventitia layer?

A

yes (doesn’t follow her “rule of thumb” that vertical organs only have Adventitia)

89
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation to the urinary bladder go to?

A

blood vessels

90
Q

Where do the parasympathetics innervating the urinary bladder come from and where are they going to?

A

from S2 to S4 via Splanchnic nerves

–> go to Muscularis Externus and Adventitia

91
Q

What is the function of the parasympathetic innervation to the urinary bladder?

A

micturition reflex

92
Q

Where does the sensory innervation of the urinary bladder go to? What is their function?

A

urinary bladder –> to sacral spinal cord

Fxn: afferent fibers for micturation reflex

93
Q

What type of “tube” is the urethra and what kind of folds does it have in mucosa?

A

fibromuscular tube

longitudinal folds in mucosa

94
Q

What systems is the male urethra a part of? What about the female urethra?

A

Male–> part of urinary and reproductive system

Females–> only part of urinary system

95
Q

What are the three sections of the Urethra in males?

A
  1. Prostatic urethra (~3-4cm)
  2. Membranous urethra (~1cm)
  3. Spongy (Penile) urethra (~15cm)
96
Q

What type of surface epithelium does the Prostatic urethra contain? where is it located?

A

located in prostate

urothelium

97
Q

Where does the membranous urethra of males pass through?

A

the external urethral sphincter–> which is skeletal muscle (under VOLUNTARY control)

98
Q

What type of surface epithelium is the Membranous urethra of males made of?

A

stratified columnar and pseudostratified columnar

99
Q

What is the Spongy (Penile) urethra surrounded by?

A

erectile tissue (corpus spongiosum)

100
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the Spongy (Penile) Urethra?

A

stratified columnar and pseudostratified columnar

distally–> stratified squamous

101
Q

How long is the urethra in females and what system(s) is it a part of?

A

4-5cm long; urinary system ONLY

102
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the urethra in females?

A

First part–> transitional
Middle part–> stratified columnar/pseudostratified columnar
Distally–> stratified squamous

103
Q

What portion of the female urethra is the external urethral sphincter around?

A

middle portion (stratified columnar/pseudostratified columnar)

Organ Histology-- Anthony (11 decks)

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