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Organ Histology-- Anthony > Exam 1: Ch.1 Epithelium and Epithelial Glands > Flashcards

Exam 1: Ch.1 Epithelium and Epithelial Glands Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four basic types of tissues?

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Nervous
  4. Muscle
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2
Q

What are the three general functions of epithelium?

A
  1. Absorption
  2. Secretion
  3. Provide a barrier
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3
Q

What are the three specialized functions of epithelium?

A
  1. Transport molecules across epithelium
  2. Selective Permeability = Prevent transport of materials across epi.
  3. Sensory (ex: taste buds, retina in eye)
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4
Q

What are the 5 basic characteristics of epithelium?

A
  1. Cells are adjacent to each other
  2. Ass. with a complete or partial basement membrane
  3. Avascular, obtain nutrients by diffusion
  4. Ass. with vascular CT
  5. Cells are held together by cell junctions
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5
Q

What are the two parts of a complete basement membrane and what cells are they produced by?

A
  1. basal lamina – produced by epithelium cells

2. reticular lamina – produced by fibroblasts in the CT

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6
Q

What does a partial basement membrane include?

A

basal lamina ONLY

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7
Q

What are the 4 functions of the basement membrane?

A
  1. provides a surface for epithelial cell attachment
  2. molecular filter–very limited
  3. limits stretch
  4. directs migration of cells (i.e. during wound healing)
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8
Q

What are the two functions of the CT that epithelium is associated with?

A
  1. provides nutrition

2. source of defensive cells (macrophages, neutrophils, etc.)

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9
Q

What are the four types of Cell Junctions?

A
  1. Zonula Occludens = tight junctions
  2. Zonula Adherens = adhesion belt
  3. Macula Adherens = desmosome
  4. Gap junctions
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10
Q

What are the junctions that involve the sharing of intrinsic membrane proteins between adjacent cells?

A

Zonula Occludens = tight junctions

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11
Q

What are the two functions of Zonula Occludens (tight junctions)?

A
  1. provides strong attachment

2. prevents the passage of materials between cells

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12
Q

Zonula Adherens (adhesion belt) are regions consisting of what two things?

A
  1. cadherins (linkage proteins) b/w cells

2. marginal bands (microfilaments) that attach cytoskeleton to the cell membrane at these areas

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13
Q

What are the two functions of Zonula Adherens (adhesion belts)?

A
  1. strong attachment

2. provide cell structural stability

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14
Q

What is the function of Macula aherens (desmosomes)?

A

provides strong attachment

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15
Q

Gap junctions are ___ connexins (proteins) arranged in an cylinder. The size of the openings can be controlled by the cell. A _____ = 1 complete structure.

A

six; connexon

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16
Q

What are the two functions of gap junctions?

A
  1. strong attachment

2. transport materials b/w cells

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17
Q

List in order from the free cell surface and deep, the Junctional Complex.

A
  1. Zonula Occludens
  2. Zonula Adherens
  3. Macula Adherens
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18
Q

What help to connect epithelial cells to the basal lamina?

A

Hemidesmosomes, (essentially, half a desmosome)

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19
Q

What are Focal Point Contacts?

A

integrin (a transmembrane protein of the cell membrane) binds to structural CT glycoproteins and also connects to cytoskeleton

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20
Q

What two junctions hold the epithelium to the basement membrane and CT below?

A
  1. hemidesmosomes

2. Focal Point Contacts

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21
Q

What autoimmune skin disease causes large blistering lesion that burst, but do heal? The cause is due to antibodies binding to parts of hemidesmosomes

A

Bullous Pemphigoid

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22
Q

What autoimmune skin disease causes skin blistering that does not heal easily and usually has excessive bleeding, and can be fatal? Cause is antibodies binding to parts of desmosomes.

A

Pemphigus Vulgaris

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23
Q

What is an acute bacterial infection of the SI that is caused by toxins disrupting proteins in the zonula occludens?

A

Cholera; allows losee of water and electrolytes form CT below epithelium

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24
Q

What are the 4 types of Simple Epithelium?

A
  1. Simple Squamous
  2. Simple Cuboidal
  3. Simple Columnar
  4. Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium (Respiratory Epithelium)

~single cell thick

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25
Q

What are the three functions of Simple Squamous epithelium?

A
  1. living filter
  2. provide a barrier
  3. secretion
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26
Q

What are example locations of Simple Squamous epithelium? (3)

A
  • lung
  • parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule in kidney
  • serosa on outside of organs
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27
Q

Describe the appearance of simple squamous epithelium.

A

a single layer of flattened cells

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28
Q

Describe the appearance of simple cuboidal epithelium.

A

single layer of cube shaped cells

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29
Q

What are the 3 functions of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A
  1. absorption
  2. secretion
  3. provide a barrier
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30
Q

Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found? (3)

A
  • exocrine ducts
  • thyroid follicular cells
  • kidney tubules
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31
Q

Describe the appearance of simple columnar epithelium.

A

single layer of cells that have height

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32
Q

What re the three functions of simple columnar epithelium?

A
  1. absorption
  2. secretion
  3. provides a barrier
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33
Q

What are some examples of where simple columnar epithelium is found? (4)

A
  • stomach
  • SI
  • gallbadder
  • larger exocrine ducts
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34
Q

Describe the appearance of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

= respiratory epithelium

- contains 3 cell types of various height (therefore appear to be stratified, but still considered simple)

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35
Q

What is the function of respiratory epithelium (ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium)?

A

to catch and move something over the surface

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36
Q

What are the three cell types found in respiratory epithelium (ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium)?

A
  1. Goblet cells
  2. Ciliated Columnar cells
  3. Basal cells
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37
Q

What are Goblet cells?

A

(in respiratory epithelium)

- modified columnar cell

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38
Q

What is the function of goblet cells in respiratory epithelium?

A

to produce mucin

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39
Q

What are ciliated columnar cells?

A

(in respiratory epithelium)

columnar cells that contain cilia

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40
Q

How are cilia anchored in ciliated columnar cells of respiratory epithelium?

A

anchored in the apex of the cell by basal bodies

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41
Q

What is the function of ciliated columnar cells of respiratory epithelium?

A

to move mucus over the surface

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42
Q

In respiratory epithelium, what are short pyramidal shaped cells that do not reach the surface? What is there function?

A

Basal cells; to be the stem cell for this type of epithelium

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43
Q

What are the four surface specialization of simple epithelium?

A
  1. Microvilli
  2. stereocilia
  3. cilia
  4. glycocalyx
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44
Q

What is another term for brush border or a striated border surface specializaton?

A

microvilli

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45
Q

What is the function of microvilli?

A

to increase surface area to increase absorption

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46
Q

Where are microvilli found?

A
  • kidney tubule cells

- small intestine

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47
Q

What are extremely long microvilli that are non-motile and quite rigid with actin core?

A

stereocilia; fewere than microvilli and not related to true cilia

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48
Q

What is the function of stereocilia?

A

to increase surface area

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49
Q

What are example locations of stereocilia?

A
  • epididymis

- chochlear hair cells

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50
Q

Describe cilia.

A

thin apical hair-like extensions of cytoskeleton

part of respiratory epithelium

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51
Q

What is the function of cilia?

A

to move something over a surface

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52
Q

What are example locations of cilia?

A
  • trachea

- oviduct

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53
Q

What are two points about cells with cilia we should know?

A
  1. cells have many mitochondria

2. basal bodies block free surface = so NO absorption or secretion

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54
Q

What is a surface of glycoproteins and carbohydrates that covers some epithelium called? What produces it?

A

glycocalyx (produced by epithelial cells)

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55
Q

What are the two main functions of glycocalyx?

A
  1. protection
  2. cell recognition
    (other fxns– cell adhesion; hold enzymes)
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56
Q

Give two examples of where glycocalyx is located?

A
  • stomach

- SI

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57
Q

What are the 5 types of stratified epithelium?

A
  1. Stratified squamous
  2. Keratinized Stratified Squamous
  3. Stratified Cuboidal
  4. Stratified Columnar
  5. Transitional (Urinary) = Urothelium
58
Q

Describe stratified epithelium.

A

epithelium that is two or more cell layers thick; all kinds have a protective function

59
Q

What locations can stratified squamous epithelium be found? (4)

A
  • esophagus
  • oral cavity
  • tongue
  • vagina
60
Q

What type of epithelium have multiple layers of cells and the superficial layer of cells are flat and alive?

A

stratified squamous

61
Q

What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

protection from abrasion in moist env.

62
Q

What are the two limitations of stratified squamous epithelium?

A
  1. no protection from drying (therefore cells need to be in cell env.)
  2. limited thickness, so protection is limited
63
Q

What are multiple layers of cells that also tend to flatten basal to superficial layer, and covered by nonliving layer of keratin?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous

64
Q

Where is Keratinized stratified squamous located and what is their function?

A

skin; fxn = protection in a dry env.

65
Q

What are the 5 possible players of the Keratinized Stratified squamous epithelium (skin)? deepest to superficial

A
  1. stratum basale (germinativum)
  2. stratum spinosum
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum lucidum (only in thick skin)
  5. stratum corneum
66
Q

Which layer of the skin is 1-2 layers of keratinocytes that are mitotic and closest to the dermis?

A

stratum basale (germinativum)

67
Q

Which layer of the skin has multiple layers of “spiny shaped” keratinocytes that produce keratin?

A

stratum spinosum

68
Q

Which layer of the skin contains the uppermost 2-5 layers of flattened living keratinocytes that contain flattened, condensed keratohyaline granules and secrete lipids?

A

stratum granulosum

69
Q

Which layer of the skin is only found in thick skin, is a thin layer of recently dead or dying keratinocytes?

A

stratum lucidum (no nucleus or organelles)

70
Q

Which layer of the skin contains dead cells, keratin and lipids?

A

stratum corneum

71
Q

What are the 3 functions of the stratum corneum?

A

(most superficial layer of skin)

  1. prevents water loss
  2. provides barrier to microbes
  3. protects against abrasion
72
Q

How long is the life cycle of keratinocytes? In what layer can they divide?

A

~28 day life cycle

  • can divide when in stratum basale
  • produces keratins/keratohyaline granules
73
Q

What is produced by keratinocytes and in what layers of the skin?

A
  • produce keratins/keratohyaline granules (in stratum basale, spinosum, and granulosum)
  • produced lipids (in stratum granulosum)
74
Q

What layer of the skin are melanocytes found in? And what is their function?

A

stratum basale; fxn to protect against UV radiation

75
Q

How do melaocytes function?

A

keratinocytes phagocytize the cytoplasmic tips of melanocytes containing melanosomes with melanin

76
Q

What are three things that influence skin color

A
  1. Env. (increase UV, increase melanocytes and melanin)
  2. Genetics
  3. Vascularity of dermis
77
Q

T/F. Melanocyte numbers are about equal in all humans.

A

True

78
Q

What genetic factors can influence skin color?

A
  • Eumelanin (darker) or pheomelanin) reddish
  • placement of melanin
  • destruction rate of melanin by lysosomes
79
Q

What layer of skin are Langerhan cells in and what are their function?

A

stratum spinosum; fxn is to recognize and process external foreign antigens; APC (antigen presenting cells)

80
Q

What layer of the skin are Merkel cells in? What is another name for them?

A

stratum basale; also called epithelial tactile cells

81
Q

What is the function of Merkel cells?

A

provide touch receptors; ass. with free nerve endings

82
Q

What type of cell increases when one is exposed to UV light repeatedly? What type of cell decreases?

A

increase in melanocytes

decrease in langerhan cells

83
Q

Is there a cause for concern with exposure to UV light decrease Langerhan cells?

A

yes, factor for skin cancer development; Langerhan cells aid in detecting not wanted cells)

84
Q

What is the appearance of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

A
  • two layers of cells
  • basal layer flattened
  • superficial layer cuboid in shape

not common

85
Q

What are two functions of stratified cuboidal?

A
  1. increase protection

2. provide a barrier

86
Q

What type of epithelium is found in larger ducts in sweat glands and in salivary glands?

A

stratified cuboidal

87
Q

Describe stratified columnar epithelium.

A
  • two layers of cells
  • basal layer flattened/cuboid
  • superficial layer is columnar

very rare*

88
Q

What are three functions of stratified columnar?

A
  1. increase protection
  2. to provide a transition b/w epithelial types
  3. provide a barrier
89
Q

What is the least common type of epithelium?

A

stratified columnar

90
Q

What type of epithelium is found in large ducts in pancreas, parts of male urethra, and conjunctiva of the eye?

A

stratified columnar

91
Q

What is another name(s) for Transitional epithelium? Describe the appearance.

A

Urinary epithelium or urothelium

multiple layers of cells

92
Q

Where is transitional epithelium found?

A

most of urinary tract

93
Q

What are three functions of Transitional (Urninary, urothelium)?

A
  1. provide protection
  2. to stretch*
  3. barrier
94
Q

What are three specializations of Transitional epithelium?

A
  1. thin, fenestrated basement membrane
  2. large, rounded superficial cells
  3. well-developed zonula occludens
95
Q

What is a well developed zonula occcludens important in Transitional epithelium?

A
  1. need due to fenestrated basement membrane

2. prevents urine/cellular waste from seeping b/w epe. cells

96
Q

In transitional epithelium, what is an unusual superficial cell feature?

A

some bi-nucleated superficial cells exist.

97
Q

Cells in transitional epithelium obtain more oxygen because of what two reasons?

A
  1. fenestrated basement membrane

2. when stretched, the diffusion difference is decreased

98
Q

What disorder has patchy skin lesions, unknown etiology, and inflammation in dermal papillae?

A

Psoriasis vulgaris

99
Q

What feature is described as spots with extra pigment, esp in fair skinned ind.? Is there increased melanocytes?

A

freckles; there is an increase in melanin, WITHOUT an increase in melanocytes

100
Q

What disorder lacks melanocytes and has an unknown cause?

A

Vitiligo

101
Q

What is discoloration due to a proliferation of melanocytes?

A

mole (naevi)

102
Q

What occurs in malignant melanoma?

A

melanocytes become mitotically active and invade dermis; very invasive and metastatic

Tx: surgery and chemotherapy

103
Q

What is caused by melanocytes failing to produce melanin? What is the MC form?

A

Albinism

- MC form = tyrosinase is missing from melanocytes (no conversion of tyrosine to melanin)

104
Q

What are the two MAIN subcategories of epithelial glands?

A

Exocrine and endocrine

105
Q

What is the method of secretion where the product is released into a duct or directly onto an epithelial surface?

A

exocrine secretion

106
Q

Define parenchyma.

A

components directly involved with the primary function

Ex: biceps brachii- parenchyma = skeletal muscle cells

107
Q

Define stroma.

A

components providing mechanical/metabolic support

Ex: biceps brahcii – stroma = CT, nerves, lymphatics, blood vessels

108
Q

What are the 3 methods of sub-classifying exocrine secretion?

A
  1. Morphology
  2. Method of secretion
  3. Product secreted
109
Q

Describe the sub-classification “Morphology” for exocrine secretion.

A

classifies gland according to shape of secretory units(Tubular vs Acinar) and ducts arrangement (Unbranched vs Branched)

110
Q

What are the three methods of secretion of exocrine glands?

A
  1. Merocrine (=eccrine) MC
  2. Holocrine
  3. Apocrine
111
Q

What is the MC type of exocrine secretion?

A

Merocrine (eccrine)

112
Q

How is Merocrine/Eccrine secretion done? Is there damage?

A

secretion by exocytosis; therefore NO cell damage

no odor either

113
Q

What are examples of locations of Merocrine/Eccrine secretion?

A
  • goblet cells
  • salivary glands
  • pancreas
  • all sweat glands in CHILDREN
  • many adult sweat glands
114
Q

What type of exocrine secretion is it when the cell mature and dies?

A

Holocrine

115
Q

What is the secretory product of holocrine excretion? Is there an odor?

A

the entire cell with in-tact vaculoes; ass. with an odor

116
Q

What are examples of locations of Holocrine excretion?

A
  • sebacceous glands

- tarsal (Meibomian) glands of eyelid

117
Q

If the tarsal (Meibomian) glands of the eyelid are not working properly, what occurs?

A

dry eye

118
Q

What type of secretion is it when there is minimal damage to the cell and it is ass. with an odor? What is the secretory product?

A

Apocrine; secretes some cytoplasm ,membranes and in-tact vacuoles

119
Q

What are examples of locations of Aopcrine secetion?

A
  • lactating mammary glands
  • some adult sweat glands (pubic and axillary*)
  • ceruminous glands in external auditory canal
  • ciliary (Moll’s) glands in eyelid
120
Q

What occurs if the ciliary (Moll’s) glands in eyelid become blocked?

A

stye

121
Q

What is the smallest division of a gland and is a group of cells surrounding a cavity?

A

Acinus

122
Q

What is a small group of serous cells attached to ta mucus acinus?

A

serous demilune

123
Q

What are Myoepithelial cells?

A

contractile cells with epithelial origin

- wrap around acini in some exocrine glands

124
Q

Where are Myoepithelial cells most commonly found?

A
  • salivary and sweat glands
  • lacrimal glands
  • lactating mammary glands
125
Q

What is the function of Myoepithelial cells?

A

to assist secretion

126
Q

What are three ways glands can be classified by products secreted?

A
  1. Serous Glands
  2. Mucous Glands
  3. Mixed Glands
127
Q

What glands produce proteins and are trapezoid shaped?

A

serous glands

nucleus round and noticeable, cells pick up stain

128
Q

What are examples of where serous glands are found?

A
  • pancreas
  • parotid gland
  • chief cells in stomach
129
Q

What type of glands produce mucus? Where are they found?

A

mucous glands

  • Goblet cells
  • mucous cells in stomach
  • minor salivary glands in tongue and palate
130
Q

What are the characteristics of Mucous glands?

A
  • cells typically stain light

- nucleus is often flat and peripheral

131
Q

What do Mixed glands produce? Where are they found?

A

serous and mucus

Sublingual and submandibular salivary glands

132
Q

What are the characteristics of Mixed glands?

A

(same as Mucous glands–stain light and nucleus flat and peripheral)
**serous demilunes are possible

133
Q

T/F. Serous demilunes are not possible.

A

False–they are possible

134
Q

What three things regulate Exocrine secretion?

A
  1. Myoepithelial cells
  2. Hormonal
  3. Blood supply
135
Q

How will increase/decrease in blood flow affect secretion?

A

increase blood flow will increase O2 which will increase secretion

decrease blood flow will decrease O2 which will decrease secretion

136
Q

What is endocrine secretion?

A

secretory product released into nearby CT for vascular dispersal to target cells/organs

137
Q

What is the secretory product of endocrine glands commonly referred to as?

A

hormone

138
Q

What are the two subtypes of endocrine secretion?

A
  1. Paracrine secretion

2. Autocrine secretion

139
Q

What subtype of endocrine secretion is it when signaling cell is close to target cell so the hormone does NOT enter the blood

A

Paracrine secretion

140
Q

What subtype of endocrine secretion is it when signaling cell is its own target?

A

autocrine secretion

141
Q

How is the endocrine system regulated?

A
  1. Hormonal: pos. and neg. feedback loops

2. ANS

Organ Histology-- Anthony (11 decks)

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