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Organ Histology-- Anthony > Exam 3: Ch.7 Digestive System Pt.1 > Flashcards

Exam 3: Ch.7 Digestive System Pt.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 8 functions of the digestive system?

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Mastication
  3. Secretion
  4. Absorption
  5. Elimination of Wastes
  6. Motility
  7. Hormone Release
  8. Chemical Digestion
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2
Q

What does the oral cavity include? What is it lined with?

A
  • tongue
  • teeth
  • minor and major salivary glands
  • tonsils
  • lips
  • -lined with oral mucosa
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3
Q

What are the 3 types of oral mucosa?

A
  1. Masticatory Mucosa
  2. Lining Mucosa
  3. Specialized Mucosa
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4
Q

What is the Masticatory mucosa of the oral cavity found on?

A

gingiva and hard palate

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5
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the Masticatory Mucosa of the oral cavity? What should we “note” about it?

A

keratinized or parakeratinized stratified squamous

note: superficial cells of parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelium keep their nuclei

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6
Q

What are the two parts of the Lamina Propria of the Masticatory Mucosa? What type of CT are they made out of?

A
  1. Papillary Layer–> thick loose CT

2. Reticular Layer–> dense CT

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7
Q

What does the Papillary Layer of the Lamina propria of Masticatory mucosa contain?

A

(thick loose CT)

  • blood vessels
  • nerves
  • sensory receptors
  • some Meissner’s corpuscles
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8
Q

What is the Lining Mucosa of the oral cavity found on?

A
  • soft palate
  • underside of tongue
  • floor of mouth
  • cheeks
  • lips
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9
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the Lining Mucosa of the oral cavity? (3)

A

generally–> stratified squamous epi
occasionally–> parakeratinized stratified squamous

lips, vermillion zone (reddish part)–> keratinized stratified squamous

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10
Q

Are the areas of stratified squamous or keratinized stratified squamous epithelium thicker in the Lining Mucosa?

A

areas of stratified squamous epi are thicker (the general/majority of the make up of it)

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11
Q

Describe the Lamina Propria of the Lining Mucosa?

A

loose CT with blood vessels and nerves

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12
Q

What type of CT is the Submucosa of the Lining Mucosa made up of? What can it contain?

A 
dense CT--> found in most places
Can have:
- minor salivary glands
- sebaceous glands (mouth corners)
- larger blood vessels
- nerves
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13
Q

Where is the Specialized Mucosa of the oral cavity found?

A

on dorsal surface of tongue

taste buds are here

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14
Q

What is the surface epithelium type of the Specialized Mucosa of the oral cavity? (2)

A

keratinized stratified squamous on Filifrom papillae

stratified squamous on all other papillae

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15
Q

What are the general functions of the Specialized Mucosa of the oral cavity?

A
  1. move food

2. taste

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16
Q

Where is the mucosa of the tongue thicker? What about thinner?

A

thicker–> dorsally

thinner and smoother–> on lower surface

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17
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the Mucosa of the tongue?

A

specialized epithelium

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18
Q

What does the surface epithelium of Mucosa of the tongue contain?

A

papillae–> filiform, fungiform, foliate, vallate (circumvallate)

small salivary (von Ebner) glands are assoc. with Vallate papillae

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19
Q

What is assoc. with the Vallate papillae? What is their function?

A

small salivary (von Ebner) glands

Fxn: produce serous fluid to cleanse the taste buds on these papillae

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20
Q

What papillae are taste buds located on?

A

ALL papillaie; EXCEPT filiform papillae

all = fungiform, foliate, vallate

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21
Q

Describe the Lamina Propria of the Tongue.

A

loose CT; adipose possible

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22
Q

Does the tongue contain a Submucosa? If so, what does it contain?

A

yes, usually considered present; adipose possible

contains lingual salivary glands

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23
Q

What contains the lingual salivary glands in the oral cavity?

A

in the Submucosa of the Tongue

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24
Q

What do the Lingual Salivary Glands produce?

A

same product as the major salivary glands–>

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25
Q

What type of muscle are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue? Where do they attach externally?

A

skeletal muscle; have NO external attachment

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26
Q

How many alternating muscles does the tongue have and what is the arrangement from the top to bottom w/in the tongue?

A

4 alternating muscles

  • Superior longitudinal muscle
  • Vertical muscles alternating with Transverse muscles
  • Inferior longitudinal muscle
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27
Q

What is the function of the intrinsic tongue muscles?

A

change tongue shape

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28
Q

List the six layers from outside to inside of a developing tooth before eruption through the gingiva.

A
  1. Ameloblasts
  2. Enamel
  3. Dentin
  4. Predentin
  5. Odontoblast
  6. Dental Papilla
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29
Q

What layer of the developing tooth has the function to produce enamel?

A

Ameloblasts

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30
Q

What type of cells make up the Ameloblasts of the developing tooth? What happens to the Ameloblasts after tooth eruption?

A

polarized columnar cells

lose following tooth eruption (these cells die–therefore no more enamel being produced)

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31
Q

About how thick is the enamel of a tooth? What is it made up of?

A

~2mm thick

made of interlinked enamel rods

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32
Q

What is the hardest substance in the body?

A

enamel

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33
Q

T/F. We continually produce more enamel once the tooth erupts through the gingiva.

A

False– we CANNOT produce more after tooth eruption

34
Q

What is the precursor to dentin before mineralization?

A

Predentin

35
Q

What type of cells are the Odontoblasts of a developing tooth and what do they line? Do they exist in adults? What is their function?

A

columnar cells lining pulp cavity

survive in adults

Fxn–> repair, produce and maintain dentin

36
Q

What cell layer in a developing tooth functions to repair, produce and maintain dentin?

A

Odontoblasts

37
Q

What is another name for the Dental Papilla of a developing tooth? What does it contain?

A

= dental pulp

CT with many blood vessels and nerves

38
Q

What is the potential problem assoc. with the Dental Papilla/dental pulp?

A

extensive inflammation–> may lead to root canal

39
Q

What are the three salivary glands?

A
  1. Parotid Gland
  2. Submandibular Gland
  3. Sublingual Gland
40
Q

What is the largest salivary gland? What percentage of total salivary output does it contribute?

A

Parotid gland

only ~30% of total salivary output

41
Q

What disease is the Parotid Gland most affected by? What passes through it?

A

Mumps

Facial nerve

42
Q

What happens to the Parotid gland as we age?

A

commonly becomes infiltrated with adipose

43
Q

What does the Parotid Gland produce?

A 
100% serous producing 
Products:
1. Salivary amylase (Fxn: break down carbs)
2. lysozyme
3. secretory IgA
44
Q

What gland secretes Salivary amylase and what is this enzymes function?

A

Parotid gland

Fxn: break down carbs

45
Q

What salivary gland produces ~60% of total salivary output? Is it the largest?

A

Submandibular gland

smaller gland (not the smallest though)

46
Q

What does the Submanidbular Gland produce? How much of the total salivary output does it produce?

A

~60%
MIxed gland–> produces mucus and serous products

primarily ~80-90% serous producing

has serous demilunes

47
Q

What is the smallest salivary gland? What percentage of salivary output does it account for?

A

Sublingual Gland

~5% of total salivary output

48
Q

What does the Sublingual Gland produce?

A

Mixed Gland-> producing both mucus and serous products

~80% mucus producing

49
Q

What do all the serous products of Sublingual Glands come from?

A

serous demilunes; no separate acini

50
Q

What are the three Salivary Glands and what do they produce?

A
  1. Parotid Gland: 100% serous producing
  2. Submandibular Gland: MIxed gland–> ~80-90% serous
  3. Sublingual Gland: Mixed gland–> ~80% mucus
51
Q

What are the 6 functions of Saliva?

A
  1. Lubricating and cleansing oral cavity
  2. Antibacterial activity
  3. Dissolve food materials for taste sensation
  4. Initiate digestion: salivary amylase and salivary lipase
  5. Aid swallowing by food moistening and helps bolus formation
  6. Wound healing due to clotting factors and epidermal growth factor being present
52
Q

What stimulates saliva secretion?

A

autonomic efferent impulses

53
Q

What effect do parasympathetic impulses have on saliva secretion? What about sympathetic impulses?

A

parasym. –> increase amount of watery secretion

symp. –> decrease amount of saliva with a thicker consistencey (result = dryer oral cavity)

54
Q

Review: In general what are the Digestive Luminal Wall Structure/layers?

A
  1. Mucosa–> surface epithelium, Lamina propria, Muscularis mucosae
  2. Submucosa (Meissner plexus)
  3. Muscularis externa (smooth ms)
  4. Serosa or adventitia
55
Q

In generall, what does the Mucosa of the luminal wall contain? Describe them.

A
  1. Surface epithelium–> varies
  2. Lamina Propria–> loose irregular CT
  3. muscularis mucosae–> discontinuous layer made of smooth muscle
56
Q

In general, what does the SUbmucosa luminal wall layer contain?

A
  • dense irregular CT
  • larger blood vessels
  • submucosal (Meissner) plexus
57
Q

What is the function of the Submucosal (Meissner) plexus? Where is it found?

A

Fxn: influence the mucosa

in Submucosa luminal wall layer

58
Q

In general, what is the Muscularis Externa contain?

A

typically smooth muscle

Typical fiber orientation = inner circular, outer longitudinal layer = normal pattern

Myenteric (Auerbach) Plexus

59
Q

What is the function of the Myenteric (Auerbach) plexus? Where is it found?

A

Fxn: influence muscularis externa

w/in Muscularis Externa layer of luminal wall

60
Q

In general, where is the Serosa or adventitia located in assoc. with the luminal wall layers?

A

next to the Muscularis Externa

61
Q

Describe serosa and adventitia that is next to the Muscularis Externa luminal wall layer.

A

Serosa = edge of serous producing simple squamous epithelium; can include some CT

Adventitia = CT

62
Q

What is the function of the esophagus?

A

transfer bolus to stomach from oropharynx

63
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the Mucosa in the Esophagus? What cells does it contain?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

Langerhans Cells–> an APC with some phagocytosis possible

64
Q

Describe the make up of the Lamina Propria of the Esophagus. What does it contain?

A

loose areolar CT

can have Esophageal Cardiac Glands

65
Q

Where are the Esophageal Cardiac Glands located and what is their function?

A

Location: In LP of Esophagus

  1. often near pharynx: ~1st inch
  2. Near stomach: ~last inch

Fxn: produce neutral mucus to protect esophgeal epithelium

66
Q

Describe the Muscularis Mucosae in the Mucosa layer of the Esophagus.

A

discontinuous layer of longitudinal smooth muscle

67
Q

Describe the make up of the Submucosa of the esophagus. What does it contain?

A

dense firboelastic CT
Contains:
- Esophageal (Proper) Glands

68
Q

Where are the Esophageal (Proper) Glands located? What is their function?

A

Location: scattered along length of Submucosa of esophagus

Fxn: produce slightly acidic mucus to lubricate movement of food

69
Q

In general, what does Parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation to the gut cause?

A

Parasym.–> stimulate peristalsis, inhibits sphincters and activates secretion

Symp.–> inhibits peristalsis, and contracts sphincters and controls blood flow to gut

70
Q

How does parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation get to the gut?

A

Parasym.–> from Vagus N; except descending colon and rectum from sacral nerves

Symp.–> from splanchnic nerves

71
Q

Does the Muscularis Externa of the esophagus have a normal pattern? Is there anything unique?

A

Yes; inner circular and outer longitudinal layers

Upper 1/3 = all skeletal ms
Middle 1/3 = mixture
Lower 1/3 = all smooth ms

72
Q

Does the Esophagus have Adventitia or Serosa?

A

Both:

  • Primarily Adventitis
  • last 1-2 inches (after diaphgram) = serosa
73
Q

What are the two Esophageal Associated Sphincters? Where are they located? What type of sphincters are they–anatomical or physiological?

A
  1. Pharyngoesophageal Sphincter–> b/c oropharynx and esophagus
  2. Gastroesophageal Sphincter –> b/w esophagus and stomach

~physiological sphincters

74
Q

What Sphincter associated with the Esophagus is prone to problems? why?

A 
Gastroesophageal sphincter (lower one)
abrupt change of epithelium from stratified squamous in esophagus to simple columnar in stomach
75
Q

What are two characteristics for Physiological Sphincters?

A
  1. NO thickening of circular muscle in Muscularis Externa (ME)
  2. Pressure gradient aids movement (muscle contractions and gravity helps)
76
Q

What four complimentry forces does the lower esophageal sphincter involve?

A
  1. Diaphragm contraction
  2. Greater intra-abdominal pressure than intra-gastric pressure being exerted on abd. part of esophagus
  3. Peristalsis
  4. Maintenance of correct anatomical arrangements of structures
77
Q

What does GERD stand for and what causes it?

A

Gastroesophageal (esophageal) reflex

Cause: stomach chyme backing up into lower esophagus

78
Q

What are 5 possible contributing factors to GERD?

A
  1. Chronic gastritis: inflammation of stomach lining
  2. Hiatal Hernia
  3. Pregnancy
  4. Incompetent lower esophageal sphincter
  5. Subluxations: (problems with Myenteric plexus?)
79
Q

What are three ways to reduce reflux assoc. with GERD?

A
  1. keep food diary, spices, and drinks consumed along with reflux episodes
  2. limit how much is eaten at one time
  3. do not eat less than 3 hours before bed
80
Q

What are some problem foods associated with causing GERD?

A
  1. spices (pepper, garlic, onion, peppermint, cinnamon)
  2. Acidic foods (citrus, tomatoes)
  3. Acidic beverages (fruit juices, carbonated drinks, coffee, tea
  4. fatty foods
  5. alcohol
81
Q

What is it called when stratified squamous epithelium is replaced by mucus-secreting simple columnar epithelium in lower esophagus?

A

Barret’s Esophagus

this is metaplasia due to chronic problem

82
Q

What is Barrett’s Esophgus?

A

stratified squamous epithelium is replaced by mucus-secreting simple columnar epithelium in lower esophagus

this is metaplasia due to chronic problem

Organ Histology-- Anthony (11 decks)

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