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Organ Histology-- Anthony > Exam 3: Ch.7 Digestive System Pt.1 > Flashcards

Exam 3: Ch.7 Digestive System Pt.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 8 functions of the digestive system?

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Mastication
  3. Secretion
  4. Absorption
  5. Elimination of Wastes
  6. Motility
  7. Hormone Release
  8. Chemical Digestion
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2
Q

What does the oral cavity include? What is it lined with?

A
  • tongue
  • teeth
  • minor and major salivary glands
  • tonsils
  • lips
  • -lined with oral mucosa
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3
Q

What are the 3 types of oral mucosa?

A
  1. Masticatory Mucosa
  2. Lining Mucosa
  3. Specialized Mucosa
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4
Q

What is the Masticatory mucosa of the oral cavity found on?

A

gingiva and hard palate

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5
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the Masticatory Mucosa of the oral cavity? What should we “note” about it?

A

keratinized or parakeratinized stratified squamous

note: superficial cells of parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelium keep their nuclei

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6
Q

What are the two parts of the Lamina Propria of the Masticatory Mucosa? What type of CT are they made out of?

A
  1. Papillary Layer–> thick loose CT

2. Reticular Layer–> dense CT

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7
Q

What does the Papillary Layer of the Lamina propria of Masticatory mucosa contain?

A

(thick loose CT)

  • blood vessels
  • nerves
  • sensory receptors
  • some Meissner’s corpuscles
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8
Q

What is the Lining Mucosa of the oral cavity found on?

A
  • soft palate
  • underside of tongue
  • floor of mouth
  • cheeks
  • lips
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9
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the Lining Mucosa of the oral cavity? (3)

A

generally–> stratified squamous epi
occasionally–> parakeratinized stratified squamous

lips, vermillion zone (reddish part)–> keratinized stratified squamous

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10
Q

Are the areas of stratified squamous or keratinized stratified squamous epithelium thicker in the Lining Mucosa?

A

areas of stratified squamous epi are thicker (the general/majority of the make up of it)

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11
Q

Describe the Lamina Propria of the Lining Mucosa?

A

loose CT with blood vessels and nerves

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12
Q

What type of CT is the Submucosa of the Lining Mucosa made up of? What can it contain?

A 
dense CT--> found in most places
Can have:
- minor salivary glands
- sebaceous glands (mouth corners)
- larger blood vessels
- nerves
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13
Q

Where is the Specialized Mucosa of the oral cavity found?

A

on dorsal surface of tongue

taste buds are here

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14
Q

What is the surface epithelium type of the Specialized Mucosa of the oral cavity? (2)

A

keratinized stratified squamous on Filifrom papillae

stratified squamous on all other papillae

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15
Q

What are the general functions of the Specialized Mucosa of the oral cavity?

A
  1. move food

2. taste

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16
Q

Where is the mucosa of the tongue thicker? What about thinner?

A

thicker–> dorsally

thinner and smoother–> on lower surface

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17
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the Mucosa of the tongue?

A

specialized epithelium

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18
Q

What does the surface epithelium of Mucosa of the tongue contain?

A

papillae–> filiform, fungiform, foliate, vallate (circumvallate)

small salivary (von Ebner) glands are assoc. with Vallate papillae

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19
Q

What is assoc. with the Vallate papillae? What is their function?

A

small salivary (von Ebner) glands

Fxn: produce serous fluid to cleanse the taste buds on these papillae

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20
Q

What papillae are taste buds located on?

A

ALL papillaie; EXCEPT filiform papillae

all = fungiform, foliate, vallate

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21
Q

Describe the Lamina Propria of the Tongue.

A

loose CT; adipose possible

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22
Q

Does the tongue contain a Submucosa? If so, what does it contain?

A

yes, usually considered present; adipose possible

contains lingual salivary glands

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23
Q

What contains the lingual salivary glands in the oral cavity?

A

in the Submucosa of the Tongue

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24
Q

What do the Lingual Salivary Glands produce?

A

same product as the major salivary glands–>

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25
What type of muscle are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue? Where do they attach externally?
skeletal muscle; have NO external attachment
26
How many alternating muscles does the tongue have and what is the arrangement from the top to bottom w/in the tongue?
4 alternating muscles - Superior longitudinal muscle - Vertical muscles alternating with Transverse muscles - Inferior longitudinal muscle
27
What is the function of the intrinsic tongue muscles?
change tongue shape
28
List the six layers from outside to inside of a developing tooth before eruption through the gingiva.
1. Ameloblasts 2. Enamel 3. Dentin 4. Predentin 5. Odontoblast 6. Dental Papilla
29
What layer of the developing tooth has the function to produce enamel?
Ameloblasts
30
What type of cells make up the Ameloblasts of the developing tooth? What happens to the Ameloblasts after tooth eruption?
polarized columnar cells lose following tooth eruption (these cells die--therefore no more enamel being produced)
31
About how thick is the enamel of a tooth? What is it made up of?
~2mm thick made of interlinked enamel rods
32
What is the hardest substance in the body?
enamel
33
T/F. We continually produce more enamel once the tooth erupts through the gingiva.
False-- we CANNOT produce more after tooth eruption
34
What is the precursor to dentin before mineralization?
Predentin
35
What type of cells are the Odontoblasts of a developing tooth and what do they line? Do they exist in adults? What is their function?
columnar cells lining pulp cavity survive in adults Fxn--> repair, produce and maintain dentin
36
What cell layer in a developing tooth functions to repair, produce and maintain dentin?
Odontoblasts
37
What is another name for the Dental Papilla of a developing tooth? What does it contain?
= dental pulp CT with many blood vessels and nerves
38
What is the potential problem assoc. with the Dental Papilla/dental pulp?
extensive inflammation--> may lead to root canal
39
What are the three salivary glands?
1. Parotid Gland 2. Submandibular Gland 3. Sublingual Gland
40
What is the largest salivary gland? What percentage of total salivary output does it contribute?
Parotid gland only ~30% of total salivary output
41
What disease is the Parotid Gland most affected by? What passes through it?
Mumps Facial nerve
42
What happens to the Parotid gland as we age?
commonly becomes infiltrated with adipose
43
What does the Parotid Gland produce?
``` 100% serous producing Products: 1. Salivary amylase (Fxn: break down carbs) 2. lysozyme 3. secretory IgA ```
44
What gland secretes Salivary amylase and what is this enzymes function?
Parotid gland Fxn: break down carbs
45
What salivary gland produces ~60% of total salivary output? Is it the largest?
Submandibular gland smaller gland (not the smallest though)
46
What does the Submanidbular Gland produce? How much of the total salivary output does it produce?
~60% MIxed gland--> produces mucus and serous products primarily ~80-90% serous producing has serous demilunes
47
What is the smallest salivary gland? What percentage of salivary output does it account for?
Sublingual Gland ~5% of total salivary output
48
What does the Sublingual Gland produce?
Mixed Gland-> producing both mucus and serous products ~80% mucus producing
49
What do all the serous products of Sublingual Glands come from?
serous demilunes; no separate acini
50
What are the three Salivary Glands and what do they produce?
1. Parotid Gland: 100% serous producing 2. Submandibular Gland: MIxed gland--> ~80-90% serous 3. Sublingual Gland: Mixed gland--> ~80% mucus
51
What are the 6 functions of Saliva?
1. Lubricating and cleansing oral cavity 2. Antibacterial activity 3. Dissolve food materials for taste sensation 4. Initiate digestion: salivary amylase and salivary lipase 5. Aid swallowing by food moistening and helps bolus formation 6. Wound healing due to clotting factors and epidermal growth factor being present
52
What stimulates saliva secretion?
autonomic efferent impulses
53
What effect do parasympathetic impulses have on saliva secretion? What about sympathetic impulses?
parasym. --> increase amount of watery secretion | symp. --> decrease amount of saliva with a thicker consistencey (result = dryer oral cavity)
54
Review: In general what are the Digestive Luminal Wall Structure/layers?
1. Mucosa--> surface epithelium, Lamina propria, Muscularis mucosae 2. Submucosa (Meissner plexus) 3. Muscularis externa (smooth ms) 4. Serosa or adventitia
55
In generall, what does the Mucosa of the luminal wall contain? Describe them.
1. Surface epithelium--> varies 2. Lamina Propria--> loose irregular CT 3. muscularis mucosae--> discontinuous layer made of smooth muscle
56
In general, what does the SUbmucosa luminal wall layer contain?
- dense irregular CT - larger blood vessels - submucosal (Meissner) plexus
57
What is the function of the Submucosal (Meissner) plexus? Where is it found?
Fxn: influence the mucosa in Submucosa luminal wall layer
58
In general, what is the Muscularis Externa contain?
typically smooth muscle Typical fiber orientation = inner circular, outer longitudinal layer = normal pattern Myenteric (Auerbach) Plexus
59
What is the function of the Myenteric (Auerbach) plexus? Where is it found?
Fxn: influence muscularis externa w/in Muscularis Externa layer of luminal wall
60
In general, where is the Serosa or adventitia located in assoc. with the luminal wall layers?
next to the Muscularis Externa
61
Describe serosa and adventitia that is next to the Muscularis Externa luminal wall layer.
Serosa = edge of serous producing simple squamous epithelium; can include some CT Adventitia = CT
62
What is the function of the esophagus?
transfer bolus to stomach from oropharynx
63
What is the surface epithelium of the Mucosa in the Esophagus? What cells does it contain?
stratified squamous epithelium Langerhans Cells--> an APC with some phagocytosis possible
64
Describe the make up of the Lamina Propria of the Esophagus. What does it contain?
loose areolar CT can have Esophageal Cardiac Glands
65
Where are the Esophageal Cardiac Glands located and what is their function?
Location: In LP of Esophagus 1. often near pharynx: ~1st inch 2. Near stomach: ~last inch Fxn: produce neutral mucus to protect esophgeal epithelium
66
Describe the Muscularis Mucosae in the Mucosa layer of the Esophagus.
discontinuous layer of longitudinal smooth muscle
67
Describe the make up of the Submucosa of the esophagus. What does it contain?
dense firboelastic CT Contains: - Esophageal (Proper) Glands
68
Where are the Esophageal (Proper) Glands located? What is their function?
Location: scattered along length of Submucosa of esophagus Fxn: produce slightly acidic mucus to lubricate movement of food
69
In general, what does Parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation to the gut cause?
Parasym.--> stimulate peristalsis, inhibits sphincters and activates secretion Symp.--> inhibits peristalsis, and contracts sphincters and controls blood flow to gut
70
How does parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation get to the gut?
Parasym.--> from Vagus N; except descending colon and rectum from sacral nerves Symp.--> from splanchnic nerves
71
Does the Muscularis Externa of the esophagus have a normal pattern? Is there anything unique?
Yes; inner circular and outer longitudinal layers Upper 1/3 = all skeletal ms Middle 1/3 = mixture Lower 1/3 = all smooth ms
72
Does the Esophagus have Adventitia or Serosa?
Both: - Primarily Adventitis - last 1-2 inches (after diaphgram) = serosa
73
What are the two Esophageal Associated Sphincters? Where are they located? What type of sphincters are they--anatomical or physiological?
1. Pharyngoesophageal Sphincter--> b/c oropharynx and esophagus 2. Gastroesophageal Sphincter --> b/w esophagus and stomach ~physiological sphincters
74
What Sphincter associated with the Esophagus is prone to problems? why?
``` Gastroesophageal sphincter (lower one) abrupt change of epithelium from stratified squamous in esophagus to simple columnar in stomach ```
75
What are two characteristics for Physiological Sphincters?
1. NO thickening of circular muscle in Muscularis Externa (ME) 2. Pressure gradient aids movement (muscle contractions and gravity helps)
76
What four complimentry forces does the lower esophageal sphincter involve?
1. Diaphragm contraction 2. Greater intra-abdominal pressure than intra-gastric pressure being exerted on abd. part of esophagus 3. Peristalsis 4. Maintenance of correct anatomical arrangements of structures
77
What does GERD stand for and what causes it?
Gastroesophageal (esophageal) reflex Cause: stomach chyme backing up into lower esophagus
78
What are 5 possible contributing factors to GERD?
1. Chronic gastritis: inflammation of stomach lining 2. Hiatal Hernia 3. Pregnancy 4. Incompetent lower esophageal sphincter 5. Subluxations: (problems with Myenteric plexus?)
79
What are three ways to reduce reflux assoc. with GERD?
1. keep food diary, spices, and drinks consumed along with reflux episodes 2. limit how much is eaten at one time 3. do not eat less than 3 hours before bed
80
What are some problem foods associated with causing GERD?
1. spices (pepper, garlic, onion, peppermint, cinnamon) 2. Acidic foods (citrus, tomatoes) 3. Acidic beverages (fruit juices, carbonated drinks, coffee, tea 4. fatty foods 5. alcohol
81
What is it called when stratified squamous epithelium is replaced by mucus-secreting simple columnar epithelium in lower esophagus?
Barret's Esophagus this is metaplasia due to chronic problem
82
What is Barrett's Esophgus?
stratified squamous epithelium is replaced by mucus-secreting simple columnar epithelium in lower esophagus this is metaplasia due to chronic problem

Organ Histology-- Anthony (11 decks)

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