Exam 2: Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 5 functions of the respiratory system?
Of the 5 functions of the respiratory system, which are the respiratory portion and which are the conducting portion?
A
- oxygen and CO2 exchange
- olfaction
- phonation
- provide defense
- condition air
(1. = respiratory portion)
(2-5 = conducting portion)
2
Q
The respiratory system has a filtration system, what are those portions?
A
A Three-Tiered System
- Large particle filter (bugs)
- Medium particle filter (dust, pollen)
- Small particle filter (bacteria, viruses)
3
Q
What part of the respiratory system transport air to the respiratory portion?
A
Conducting Portion
4
Q
What are the 8 parts of the Conducting System of the Respiratory System?
A
- Nasal Cavity
- Paranasal Sinuses
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Extrapulmonary Bronchi
- Intrapulmonary Bronchi
- Terminal Bronchioles
5
Q
What are the 4 parts of the Respiratory portion of the Respiratory System?
A
- Respiratory Bronchioles
- Alveolar Ducts
- Alveolar Sacs
- Alveoli
6
Q
Where is the division/transition point between the Conducting portion and Respiratory portion of the respiratory system?
A
at the Bronchioles
- Terminal Bronchioles = conducting portion
- Respiratory Bronchioles = respiratory system
7
Q
What are the three regions of the Nasal Cavity?
A
- Vestibule
- Respiratory Region
- Olfactory Region
8
Q
What is the surface epithelium type of the Vestibule of the nasal cavity?
A
keratinized stratified squamous –> to respiratory
9
Q
What glands are found in the CT of the vestibule of the nasal cavity?
A
sebaceous and sweat glands
10
Q
What are the supporting structures of the Vestibule of the nasal cavity?
A
- hyaline cartilage
- dense irregular CT
11
Q
What is an additional feature that the vestibule of the nasal cavity has that makes it unique? What type of particle filter is this?
A
Vibrissae = larger particle filter
12
Q
What is the region b/w limen nasi and superior and middle concha? What are the 4 functions of this region
A
Respiratory Region Functions: 1. warm air 2. clean air 3. humidify air 4. provide defense
13
Q
What type of surface epithelium does the Respiratory Region have?
A
respiratory/ ciliated pseudostratified columnar)
14
Q
What apparatus is found in the surface epithelium of the Respiratory region and what cells are here?
A
(respiratory/ ciliated pseudostratified columnar)
Mucociliary Apparatus =
- Goblet cells
- Ciliated columnar cells
= mucociliary clearance uses this apparatus to rid respiratory system of medium sized particles
15
Q
Where are the glands located in the Respiratory Region and what kind of glands are they?
A
Found in: Lamina Propria
Type: Seromucous Glands (mucus portion and serous products produced)
16
Q
What does the Mucus portion of the Seromucous Glands found in the Respiratory Region contribute mucus for?
A
- mucociliary clearance
2. air humidity
17
Q
What are the serous products produced by the Seromucous Glands found in the Respiratory Region?
A
- lysozyme–> anti-bacterial product
- interferons–> anti-viral prodcut
- cytokines–> stimulates defensive cells
- air humidity
18
Q
What are the Small Particle Filters in the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
A
the serous products produced by the Seromucous Glands in the Respiratory Region
19
Q
What region of the Conducting Respiratory System as the following located in and what contributes to them:
- Large Particle filters
- Medium Particle filters
- Small Particle filters
A
- Vestibule–> the vibrissae
- Respiratory Region–> the use of mucociliary apparatus
- Respiratory Region–> the serous product from Seromucous Glands
20
Q
Besides the Seromucous glands, what else is located in the Lamina Propria of the Respiratory Region?
A
Cavernous Plexus = many large VENULES; typically PARTIALLY filled
21
Q
What are the two functions of the cavernous plexus in the Lamina Propria of the Respiratory Region?
A
- warms air
2. provide defense (Ex: inflammation)
22
Q
What are the two “side effects” of inflammation occurring from the cavernous plexus providing defense for us?
A
- Increased blow flow–> venules enlarge and Lamina Propria increase in size and lumen size decreases–> end up with stuffy nose
- Increased blood flow–> O2 increases which will stimulate seromucous gland secretion–> end up with a runny nose
23
Q
How will we end up with a stuffy nose?
A
Cavernous Plexus (of large venules) help provide defense--> inflammation can occur: --Increased blood flow--> venules enlarge and Lamina Propria increases in size--> and lumen size decreases--> and end up with a stuffy nose
24
Q
How do we end up with a runny nose?
A
Cavernous Plexus (of large venules) help provide defense--> inflammation can occur: --Increased blood flow--> O2 increases which will stimulate seromucous gland secretion--> end up with a runny nose
25
What is the support material for the Respiratory region of the conducting system?
hyaline cartilage and bone
26
What is the surface epithelium of the Olfactory Region of the Conducting system? What are the three cells types also found?
olfactory epithelium, along with:
- supporting cells
- basal cells
- olfactory neurons
27
Are there glands in the Olfactory Region? If so, what are they called? What do they produce?
yes, Olfactory (Bowman's Glands)--> produce a serous product to "cleanse" olfactory cilia
28
What is the supporting structure in the Olfactory region?
bone
29
What portion of the respiratory system are the Paranasal sinuses in? What bones are they found in?
```
Conducting Portion
Found in:
- ethmoid
- sphenoid
- frontal
- maxilla
~connect to nasal cavity through sinal ostia
```
30
What is the epithelium in the paranasal sinuses?
respiratory epithelium
31
Does the Paranasal sinuses have a lamina propria?
Yes, thin, but has seromucous glands and is quite vascular
32
What is a possible problem that can occur with the paranasal sinuses?
if small ostia and Lamina Propria swells--> then ostia become blocked and sinus infection can thrive
33
What portion of the respiratory system is the Pharynx a part of? And what are its three subdivisions?
```
Conducting Portion
Three Subdivisions:
1. Nasopharynx--> superior
2. Oropharynx--> middle
3. Laryngopharynx --> inferior
```
34
In the Mucosa layer, what is the surface epithelium for the three subdivisions of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx--> respiratory
Oropharynx--> stratified squamous
Laryngopharynx--> stratified squamous
35
What is the Lamina Propria made of in the Pharynx and what can it contain?
loose CT; can have tonsils
36
What type of tonsils are located in the Lamina propria of each subdivision of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx--> pharyngeal tonsils
Oropharynx--> palatine and lingual tonsils
Laryngopharynx--> None
37
Does the pharynx have a muscularis mucosae in its Mucosa layer? If so, describe it.
Nope (never a MM in the respiratory tract)
38
What is another name for the Submucosa of the pharynx? What is it made of and its function?
= Pharyngobasilar Fascia
--collagen in periosteum of basilar portion of occiput blends into wall of pharynx
Function: added support
39
What is the Muscularis Externa of the pharynx made of? Describe its pattern.
ALL skeletal muscle (makes sense b/c we can voluntary swallow)
Reversed Pattern:
1. inner long. muscle
2. Outer circular muscle
(recall reversed pattern also occurs in ureters)
40
What is another name for the Adventitia layer of the pharynx? What is it made of? What is its function?
= Buccopharyngeal Fascia
CT
Fxn: hold in place
(buccinator ms blends into it)
41
What muscle blends into the Adventitia of the pharynx?
epimysium of buccinator
42
What is the organ that lies b/w the pharynx and trachea?
Larynx
43
What is the surface epithelium of the larynx?
upper surface (top of epiglottis) = stratified squamous
Parts will transition to respiratory
44
Describe the Lamina Propria of the Larynx.
loose CT with seromucous glands
45
What are the types of cartilage within the larynx?
1. hyaline cartilage
| 2. elastic cartilage
46
What type of cartilage is the epiglottis?
elastic cartilage
47
What are the two functions of the cartilages in the larynx?
1. maintain an open airway
| 2. aid sound production (along w/ skeletal muscle)
48
Of the larynx, what type of cartilage is the thyroid, cricoid, and inferior arytenoid cartiages?
hyaline cartilage
49
Of the layrnx, what type of cartilage is the epiglottis, cuneiform, corniculate, and superior arytenoid cartilages?
Elastic cartilage
50
What is the general function of the epiglottis?
keep food and liquid out of larynx
51
What is the surface epithelium of the upper surface of the epiglottis in the larynx? What about underneath the epiglottis?
stratified squamous
transitions to respiratory epithelium
52
What three things are below the Epiglottis and Laryngeal vestibule? (in the larynx)
1. Vestibular folds
2. Laryngeal Ventricle
3. Vocal folds (cords)
53
What is the surface epithelium of the:
1. Vestibular folds
2. Laryngeal Ventricle
3. Vocal folds (cords)
1. respiratory
2. stratified squamous
3. stratified squamous
54
Where is the vocalis muscle located?
Vocal folds (cords), deep in the mucosa (of the larynx)
55
What are immovable folds of tissue in the larynx that have a Lamina propria of loose CT w/ seromucous glands and possible lymph nodes?
Vestibular folds
56
What is the function of the surface epithelium of the mucosa in the Vocal Folds (cords)?
protect from abrasion and to some degree drying of tissues due to rapid air movement
57
What is the Lamina Propria of the Vocal folds (cords) made up of? What is its function?
dense regular bundle of elastic CT
Fxn: supports vocal fold
58
What is a striated muscle which will adduct to narrow the rima glottidis? How is sound created?
Vocalis muscle (w/in vocal folds/cords)
sound created when air vibrates the vocal folds
59
What type of surface epithelium does the trachea have?
respiratory epithelium
60
What are the 6 cell types found in the surface epithelium of the Trachea?
(respiratory epithelium)
1. Goblet (~30%)
2. Ciliated columnar cells (~30%)
3. Basal cells (~30%)
4. Brush cells (~3%)
5. Serous Cells (~3%)
6. DNES Cells (Diffuse Neuroendocrine System) (~3-4%)
61
What maybe the function of the Brush cells w/in the surface epithelium of the trachea?
chemosensory (monitor air quality?)
62
What is the function of the Serous cells w/in the surface epithelium of the trachea?
secretion of a product into lumen, BUT serous product is unknown
63
What is the function of the DNES cells w/in the surface epithelium of the trachea?
(Small Granule Cells or Kulchitsky Cells)
secrete in Lamina Propria, so likely influence other cells in respiratory epithelium
64
Describe the muscularis mucosa in the trachea.
it is ABSENT
65
What does the Submucosa of the trachea contain? What does it blend with?
contains hylaine cartilage C ring
blends with Lamina Propria
66
Describe the Muscularis Externa of the trachea.
individual trachealis muscles
67
Does the trachea of adventitia?
yes, it is CT
68
What does the Extrapulmonary Bronchi include? What part of the respiratory system is part of?
```
primary bronchi
(structurally similar to trachea)
```
conducting portion
69
The bronchi (both Extrapulmonary and Intrapulmonary) have structural trends. What 4 things it is decreasing in? What 2 things is it increasing in?
Decreasing in:
1. amount of cartilage
2. number of glands
3. number of goblet cells
4. height of epithelium
Increasing in:
1. smooth muscle
2. elastic CT
70
What does the Intrapulmonary Bronchi consist of? What part of the respiratory system is part of?
lobar and segmental bronchi
conducting portion
71
What part of the respiratory system are the bronchioles part of?
Depends:
Terminal Bronchioles = conducting portion
Respiratory Bronchioles = respiratory portion
72
What are the bronchioles characterized by?
1. size?
2. carilage?
3. glands?
4. smooth muscle?
5. cells?
6. epithelium?
1. <1mm
2. NO cartilage
3. NO seromucous glands
4. complete layer of smooth muscle
5. Clara Cells (also have chemosensory brush cells and DNES small granule cells)
6. ciliated simple columnar (w/ goblet and Clara cells)
73
Where are Clara cells located in the respiratory system?
in the Bronchioles (Terminal and Respiratory)
74
What type of epithelium does the Terminal bronchioles have?
simple columnar/cuboidal with Clara Cells
75
What is the last part of the conducting portion of respiratory system?
Terminal Bronchioles
76
What is the first region of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?
Respiratory Bronchioles
77
Describe the Lamina Propria for the Terminal Bronchioles?
fibroelastic CT
78
Do the Terminal Bronchioles have any muscle?
1-2 layers of smooth muscle
79
What is the epithelium type of the Respiratory Bronchioles?
simple cuboidal epithelium with Clara Cells and some cilia
80
We know the Respiratory Bronchioles are similar to the Terminal Bronchioles, but what makes them different?
they have some simple squamous epithelium --> therefore GAS EXCHANGE is possible
81
What is the general function of the Alveolar ducts, Alveolar sacs, and Alveoli?
gas exchange
82
Is the structure similar between the Alveolar ducts, Alveolar sacs, and Alveoli?
yes--> Most Common Cell Types:
1. Alveolar Type I
2. Alveolar Type II
3. Alveolar Macrophage (= dust cells)
83
What cell type makes up ~95% of the alveolar surface?
Alveolar Type I (type I pneumocyte)
84
What type of cells in the alveoli are squamous type cells with zonula occludens b/w them?
Alveolar Type I
85
What cell type in the alveoli has the function of gas exchange?
Alveolar Type I
86
What cell type in the aveoli are mostly to the sides b/w alveoli and are cuboidal cells?
Alveolar Type II
87
What are the three functions of Alveolar Type II cells?
1. stem cell for alveolar type I and II
2. produce pulmonary surfactant
3. produce lysozyme
88
What cells produce surfactant?
Alveolar Type II
89
What cell type in the alveoli develop from monocytes and there function is to clean septal walls using phagocytosis, and also produce lysozyme?
Alveolar Macrophages
90
What is the region between two alveoli called?
interalveolar septum
91
What type of cells does the interalveolar septum include?
Alveolar type I and II cells
92
Describe the CT of interalveolar spetums? What cell types does it contain?
small amounts of CT with MANY elastic fibers
- fibroblasts
- myofibroblasts
- mast cells
93
What are the 4 parts of an Interalveolar Septum?
1. Alveolar type I and II cells
2. continuous capillaries
3. basal lamina
4. small amounts of CT with MANY elastic fibers (fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, mast cells)
94
What is the region where oxygen and carbon dioxide pass b/w the air and the blood?
blood-gas barrier
95
List in order of the parts from air--> blood.
1. Pulmonary surfactant
2. alveolar type I cell
3. fused basal lamina (shared b/w alveolar type I cell and endothelial cell of capillary)
4. endothelial cells of capillary
96
What is unique about the basal lamina associated with the gas-exchange area?
it is FUSED and is shared b/w alveolar type I cell and endothelial cell of capillary
97
Why is a fused basal lamina b/w alveolar type I cells and the endothelial cell of capillaries good for gas-exchange?
it is the minimum diffusion distance/barrier that allows for the most efficient gas exchange
98
What 4 things will occur with chronic exposure to irritants and metaplasia in the upper respiratory tract?
1. Goblet cells will increase--> therefore increased mucus
2. Ciliated columnar cell numbers will DECREASE--> so congestion increases
3. Seromucous glands will INCREASE in size so more fluid
4. coughing--> then may get patches of stratified squamous epithelium instead of respiratory epi. = metaplasia
99
What will too few mature alveolar type II cells cause?
Respiratory Distress to the Newborn = RDS = Hyaline Membrane Disease
100
What occurs with Emphysema? (3)
1. decrease in elastin--> so decrease in alveolar elasticity
2. reduced surface for gas exchange
3. irreversible
101
What are two common causes of Emphysema?
1. Inflammation
| 2. Genetic Condition
102
What are examples that may cause inflammation and therefore cause Emphysema?
from infection, irritants, smoking
103
What occurs that contributes to the inflammation associated with Emphysema?
1. attract macrophages and neutrophils--> secrete elastase
2. alpha 1-antitrypsin is a protein that protects elastic fibers
- - alpha 1-AT is produced by hepatocytes
- - AND chemicals in cigarette smoke can inactivate alpha 1-AT
104
Describe how Emphysema could be due to a Genetic condition.
Hepatocytes produce alpha 1-AT--> but CANNOT release it--> therefore levels are LOW
105
How is the cause of Emphysema due to genetics inherited?
Dominance inheritance
Heterozygous--> affected some
Homozygous--> affected greatly
106
What type of lung cancer often develops from epithelium in segmental bronchi and has a strong link to smoking?
Squamous cell carcinoma
107
What type of lung cancer often develops from epithelium in alveoli and bronchioles and is often seen in non-smokers?
Adenocarcinoma
108
What type of lung cancer often develops from DNES cells in bronchi and is less common and highly malignant?
Small cell carcinoma
