Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Organ Histology-- Anthony > Exam 2: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Exam 2: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 functions of the respiratory system?

Of the 5 functions of the respiratory system, which are the respiratory portion and which are the conducting portion?

A
  1. oxygen and CO2 exchange
  2. olfaction
  3. phonation
  4. provide defense
  5. condition air
    (1. = respiratory portion)
    (2-5 = conducting portion)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The respiratory system has a filtration system, what are those portions?

A

A Three-Tiered System

  1. Large particle filter (bugs)
  2. Medium particle filter (dust, pollen)
  3. Small particle filter (bacteria, viruses)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What part of the respiratory system transport air to the respiratory portion?

A

Conducting Portion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 8 parts of the Conducting System of the Respiratory System?

A
  1. Nasal Cavity
  2. Paranasal Sinuses
  3. Pharynx
  4. Larynx
  5. Trachea
  6. Extrapulmonary Bronchi
  7. Intrapulmonary Bronchi
  8. Terminal Bronchioles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 4 parts of the Respiratory portion of the Respiratory System?

A
  1. Respiratory Bronchioles
  2. Alveolar Ducts
  3. Alveolar Sacs
  4. Alveoli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where is the division/transition point between the Conducting portion and Respiratory portion of the respiratory system?

A

at the Bronchioles

  • Terminal Bronchioles = conducting portion
  • Respiratory Bronchioles = respiratory system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the three regions of the Nasal Cavity?

A
  1. Vestibule
  2. Respiratory Region
  3. Olfactory Region
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the surface epithelium type of the Vestibule of the nasal cavity?

A

keratinized stratified squamous –> to respiratory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What glands are found in the CT of the vestibule of the nasal cavity?

A

sebaceous and sweat glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the supporting structures of the Vestibule of the nasal cavity?

A
  • hyaline cartilage

- dense irregular CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is an additional feature that the vestibule of the nasal cavity has that makes it unique? What type of particle filter is this?

A

Vibrissae = larger particle filter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the region b/w limen nasi and superior and middle concha? What are the 4 functions of this region

A 
Respiratory Region
Functions:
1. warm air
2. clean air
3. humidify air
4. provide defense
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What type of surface epithelium does the Respiratory Region have?

A

respiratory/ ciliated pseudostratified columnar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What apparatus is found in the surface epithelium of the Respiratory region and what cells are here?

A

(respiratory/ ciliated pseudostratified columnar)

Mucociliary Apparatus =
- Goblet cells
- Ciliated columnar cells
= mucociliary clearance uses this apparatus to rid respiratory system of medium sized particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where are the glands located in the Respiratory Region and what kind of glands are they?

A

Found in: Lamina Propria

Type: Seromucous Glands (mucus portion and serous products produced)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the Mucus portion of the Seromucous Glands found in the Respiratory Region contribute mucus for?

A
  1. mucociliary clearance

2. air humidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the serous products produced by the Seromucous Glands found in the Respiratory Region?

A
  1. lysozyme–> anti-bacterial product
  2. interferons–> anti-viral prodcut
  3. cytokines–> stimulates defensive cells
  4. air humidity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the Small Particle Filters in the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

A

the serous products produced by the Seromucous Glands in the Respiratory Region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What region of the Conducting Respiratory System as the following located in and what contributes to them:

  1. Large Particle filters
  2. Medium Particle filters
  3. Small Particle filters
A
  1. Vestibule–> the vibrissae
  2. Respiratory Region–> the use of mucociliary apparatus
  3. Respiratory Region–> the serous product from Seromucous Glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Besides the Seromucous glands, what else is located in the Lamina Propria of the Respiratory Region?

A

Cavernous Plexus = many large VENULES; typically PARTIALLY filled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the two functions of the cavernous plexus in the Lamina Propria of the Respiratory Region?

A
  1. warms air

2. provide defense (Ex: inflammation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the two “side effects” of inflammation occurring from the cavernous plexus providing defense for us?

A
  1. Increased blow flow–> venules enlarge and Lamina Propria increase in size and lumen size decreases–> end up with stuffy nose
  2. Increased blood flow–> O2 increases which will stimulate seromucous gland secretion–> end up with a runny nose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How will we end up with a stuffy nose?

A 
Cavernous Plexus (of large venules) help provide defense--> inflammation can occur:
--Increased blood flow--> venules enlarge and Lamina Propria increases in size--> and lumen size decreases--> and end up with a stuffy nose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do we end up with a runny nose?

A 
Cavernous Plexus (of large venules) help provide defense--> inflammation can occur:
--Increased blood flow--> O2 increases which will stimulate seromucous gland secretion--> end up with a runny nose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the support material for the Respiratory region of the conducting system?

A

hyaline cartilage and bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the Olfactory Region of the Conducting system? What are the three cells types also found?

A

olfactory epithelium, along with:

  • supporting cells
  • basal cells
  • olfactory neurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Are there glands in the Olfactory Region? If so, what are they called? What do they produce?

A

yes, Olfactory (Bowman’s Glands)–> produce a serous product to “cleanse” olfactory cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the supporting structure in the Olfactory region?

A

bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What portion of the respiratory system are the Paranasal sinuses in? What bones are they found in?

A 
Conducting Portion
Found in:
- ethmoid
- sphenoid
- frontal
- maxilla
~connect to nasal cavity through sinal ostia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the epithelium in the paranasal sinuses?

A

respiratory epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Does the Paranasal sinuses have a lamina propria?

A

Yes, thin, but has seromucous glands and is quite vascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is a possible problem that can occur with the paranasal sinuses?

A

if small ostia and Lamina Propria swells–> then ostia become blocked and sinus infection can thrive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What portion of the respiratory system is the Pharynx a part of? And what are its three subdivisions?

A 
Conducting Portion 
Three Subdivisions:
1. Nasopharynx--> superior
2. Oropharynx--> middle
3. Laryngopharynx --> inferior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

In the Mucosa layer, what is the surface epithelium for the three subdivisions of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx–> respiratory
Oropharynx–> stratified squamous
Laryngopharynx–> stratified squamous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the Lamina Propria made of in the Pharynx and what can it contain?

A

loose CT; can have tonsils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What type of tonsils are located in the Lamina propria of each subdivision of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx–> pharyngeal tonsils
Oropharynx–> palatine and lingual tonsils
Laryngopharynx–> None

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Does the pharynx have a muscularis mucosae in its Mucosa layer? If so, describe it.

A

Nope (never a MM in the respiratory tract)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is another name for the Submucosa of the pharynx? What is it made of and its function?

A

= Pharyngobasilar Fascia
–collagen in periosteum of basilar portion of occiput blends into wall of pharynx

Function: added support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the Muscularis Externa of the pharynx made of? Describe its pattern.

A

ALL skeletal muscle (makes sense b/c we can voluntary swallow)
Reversed Pattern:
1. inner long. muscle
2. Outer circular muscle
(recall reversed pattern also occurs in ureters)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is another name for the Adventitia layer of the pharynx? What is it made of? What is its function?

A

= Buccopharyngeal Fascia
CT

Fxn: hold in place

(buccinator ms blends into it)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What muscle blends into the Adventitia of the pharynx?

A

epimysium of buccinator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the organ that lies b/w the pharynx and trachea?

A

Larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the larynx?

A

upper surface (top of epiglottis) = stratified squamous

Parts will transition to respiratory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Describe the Lamina Propria of the Larynx.

A

loose CT with seromucous glands

45
Q

What are the types of cartilage within the larynx?

A
  1. hyaline cartilage

2. elastic cartilage

46
Q

What type of cartilage is the epiglottis?

A

elastic cartilage

47
Q

What are the two functions of the cartilages in the larynx?

A
  1. maintain an open airway

2. aid sound production (along w/ skeletal muscle)

48
Q

Of the larynx, what type of cartilage is the thyroid, cricoid, and inferior arytenoid cartiages?

A

hyaline cartilage

49
Q

Of the layrnx, what type of cartilage is the epiglottis, cuneiform, corniculate, and superior arytenoid cartilages?

A

Elastic cartilage

50
Q

What is the general function of the epiglottis?

A

keep food and liquid out of larynx

51
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the upper surface of the epiglottis in the larynx? What about underneath the epiglottis?

A

stratified squamous

transitions to respiratory epithelium

52
Q

What three things are below the Epiglottis and Laryngeal vestibule? (in the larynx)

A
  1. Vestibular folds
  2. Laryngeal Ventricle
  3. Vocal folds (cords)
53
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the:

  1. Vestibular folds
  2. Laryngeal Ventricle
  3. Vocal folds (cords)
A
  1. respiratory
  2. stratified squamous
  3. stratified squamous
54
Q

Where is the vocalis muscle located?

A

Vocal folds (cords), deep in the mucosa (of the larynx)

55
Q

What are immovable folds of tissue in the larynx that have a Lamina propria of loose CT w/ seromucous glands and possible lymph nodes?

A

Vestibular folds

56
Q

What is the function of the surface epithelium of the mucosa in the Vocal Folds (cords)?

A

protect from abrasion and to some degree drying of tissues due to rapid air movement

57
Q

What is the Lamina Propria of the Vocal folds (cords) made up of? What is its function?

A

dense regular bundle of elastic CT

Fxn: supports vocal fold

58
Q

What is a striated muscle which will adduct to narrow the rima glottidis? How is sound created?

A

Vocalis muscle (w/in vocal folds/cords)

sound created when air vibrates the vocal folds

59
Q

What type of surface epithelium does the trachea have?

A

respiratory epithelium

60
Q

What are the 6 cell types found in the surface epithelium of the Trachea?

A

(respiratory epithelium)

  1. Goblet (~30%)
  2. Ciliated columnar cells (~30%)
  3. Basal cells (~30%)
  4. Brush cells (~3%)
  5. Serous Cells (~3%)
  6. DNES Cells (Diffuse Neuroendocrine System) (~3-4%)
61
Q

What maybe the function of the Brush cells w/in the surface epithelium of the trachea?

A

chemosensory (monitor air quality?)

62
Q

What is the function of the Serous cells w/in the surface epithelium of the trachea?

A

secretion of a product into lumen, BUT serous product is unknown

63
Q

What is the function of the DNES cells w/in the surface epithelium of the trachea?

A

(Small Granule Cells or Kulchitsky Cells)

secrete in Lamina Propria, so likely influence other cells in respiratory epithelium

64
Q

Describe the muscularis mucosa in the trachea.

A

it is ABSENT

65
Q

What does the Submucosa of the trachea contain? What does it blend with?

A

contains hylaine cartilage C ring

blends with Lamina Propria

66
Q

Describe the Muscularis Externa of the trachea.

A

individual trachealis muscles

67
Q

Does the trachea of adventitia?

A

yes, it is CT

68
Q

What does the Extrapulmonary Bronchi include? What part of the respiratory system is part of?

A 
primary bronchi 
(structurally similar to trachea)

conducting portion

69
Q

The bronchi (both Extrapulmonary and Intrapulmonary) have structural trends. What 4 things it is decreasing in? What 2 things is it increasing in?

A

Decreasing in:

  1. amount of cartilage
  2. number of glands
  3. number of goblet cells
  4. height of epithelium

Increasing in:

  1. smooth muscle
  2. elastic CT
70
Q

What does the Intrapulmonary Bronchi consist of? What part of the respiratory system is part of?

A

lobar and segmental bronchi

conducting portion

71
Q

What part of the respiratory system are the bronchioles part of?

A

Depends:
Terminal Bronchioles = conducting portion

Respiratory Bronchioles = respiratory portion

72
Q

What are the bronchioles characterized by?

  1. size?
  2. carilage?
  3. glands?
  4. smooth muscle?
  5. cells?
  6. epithelium?
A
  1. <1mm
  2. NO cartilage
  3. NO seromucous glands
  4. complete layer of smooth muscle
  5. Clara Cells (also have chemosensory brush cells and DNES small granule cells)
  6. ciliated simple columnar (w/ goblet and Clara cells)
73
Q

Where are Clara cells located in the respiratory system?

A

in the Bronchioles (Terminal and Respiratory)

74
Q

What type of epithelium does the Terminal bronchioles have?

A

simple columnar/cuboidal with Clara Cells

75
Q

What is the last part of the conducting portion of respiratory system?

A

Terminal Bronchioles

76
Q

What is the first region of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?

A

Respiratory Bronchioles

77
Q

Describe the Lamina Propria for the Terminal Bronchioles?

A

fibroelastic CT

78
Q

Do the Terminal Bronchioles have any muscle?

A

1-2 layers of smooth muscle

79
Q

What is the epithelium type of the Respiratory Bronchioles?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium with Clara Cells and some cilia

80
Q

We know the Respiratory Bronchioles are similar to the Terminal Bronchioles, but what makes them different?

A

they have some simple squamous epithelium –> therefore GAS EXCHANGE is possible

81
Q

What is the general function of the Alveolar ducts, Alveolar sacs, and Alveoli?

A

gas exchange

82
Q

Is the structure similar between the Alveolar ducts, Alveolar sacs, and Alveoli?

A

yes–> Most Common Cell Types:

  1. Alveolar Type I
  2. Alveolar Type II
  3. Alveolar Macrophage (= dust cells)
83
Q

What cell type makes up ~95% of the alveolar surface?

A

Alveolar Type I (type I pneumocyte)

84
Q

What type of cells in the alveoli are squamous type cells with zonula occludens b/w them?

A

Alveolar Type I

85
Q

What cell type in the alveoli has the function of gas exchange?

A

Alveolar Type I

86
Q

What cell type in the aveoli are mostly to the sides b/w alveoli and are cuboidal cells?

A

Alveolar Type II

87
Q

What are the three functions of Alveolar Type II cells?

A
  1. stem cell for alveolar type I and II
  2. produce pulmonary surfactant
  3. produce lysozyme
88
Q

What cells produce surfactant?

A

Alveolar Type II

89
Q

What cell type in the alveoli develop from monocytes and there function is to clean septal walls using phagocytosis, and also produce lysozyme?

A

Alveolar Macrophages

90
Q

What is the region between two alveoli called?

A

interalveolar septum

91
Q

What type of cells does the interalveolar septum include?

A

Alveolar type I and II cells

92
Q

Describe the CT of interalveolar spetums? What cell types does it contain?

A

small amounts of CT with MANY elastic fibers

  • fibroblasts
  • myofibroblasts
  • mast cells
93
Q

What are the 4 parts of an Interalveolar Septum?

A
  1. Alveolar type I and II cells
  2. continuous capillaries
  3. basal lamina
  4. small amounts of CT with MANY elastic fibers (fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, mast cells)
94
Q

What is the region where oxygen and carbon dioxide pass b/w the air and the blood?

A

blood-gas barrier

95
Q

List in order of the parts from air–> blood.

A
  1. Pulmonary surfactant
  2. alveolar type I cell
  3. fused basal lamina (shared b/w alveolar type I cell and endothelial cell of capillary)
  4. endothelial cells of capillary
96
Q

What is unique about the basal lamina associated with the gas-exchange area?

A

it is FUSED and is shared b/w alveolar type I cell and endothelial cell of capillary

97
Q

Why is a fused basal lamina b/w alveolar type I cells and the endothelial cell of capillaries good for gas-exchange?

A

it is the minimum diffusion distance/barrier that allows for the most efficient gas exchange

98
Q

What 4 things will occur with chronic exposure to irritants and metaplasia in the upper respiratory tract?

A
  1. Goblet cells will increase–> therefore increased mucus
  2. Ciliated columnar cell numbers will DECREASE–> so congestion increases
  3. Seromucous glands will INCREASE in size so more fluid
  4. coughing–> then may get patches of stratified squamous epithelium instead of respiratory epi. = metaplasia
99
Q

What will too few mature alveolar type II cells cause?

A

Respiratory Distress to the Newborn = RDS = Hyaline Membrane Disease

100
Q

What occurs with Emphysema? (3)

A
  1. decrease in elastin–> so decrease in alveolar elasticity
  2. reduced surface for gas exchange
  3. irreversible
101
Q

What are two common causes of Emphysema?

A
  1. Inflammation

2. Genetic Condition

102
Q

What are examples that may cause inflammation and therefore cause Emphysema?

A

from infection, irritants, smoking

103
Q

What occurs that contributes to the inflammation associated with Emphysema?

A
  1. attract macrophages and neutrophils–> secrete elastase
  2. alpha 1-antitrypsin is a protein that protects elastic fibers
    - - alpha 1-AT is produced by hepatocytes
    - - AND chemicals in cigarette smoke can inactivate alpha 1-AT
104
Q

Describe how Emphysema could be due to a Genetic condition.

A

Hepatocytes produce alpha 1-AT–> but CANNOT release it–> therefore levels are LOW

105
Q

How is the cause of Emphysema due to genetics inherited?

A

Dominance inheritance
Heterozygous–> affected some
Homozygous–> affected greatly

106
Q

What type of lung cancer often develops from epithelium in segmental bronchi and has a strong link to smoking?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

107
Q

What type of lung cancer often develops from epithelium in alveoli and bronchioles and is often seen in non-smokers?

A

Adenocarcinoma

108
Q

What type of lung cancer often develops from DNES cells in bronchi and is less common and highly malignant?

A

Small cell carcinoma

Organ Histology-- Anthony (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions