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hist 1493 ruskoski > exam 2 - unit 6 - ch 21 > Flashcards

exam 2 - unit 6 - ch 21 Flashcards

1
Q

what was the progressive era in its first decade

A

the grassroots effort that ushered in reforms at state and local levels

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2
Q

what were some challenges on the late 19th century

A

growing cities that were ill-equipped to house working poor, americans struggling to keep farms afloat, hands-off politicians shackled into impotence by their system of political favors

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3
Q

what were yellow journalists interested in

A

only in sensationalized articles designed to sell newspapers

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4
Q

what did muckrakers do

A

exposed problems in american society and urged the public to identify solutions

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5
Q

what were some topics muckrakers shined a light on

A

corrupt machine politics, poor working conditions in factories, questionable living conditions

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6
Q

who wrote how the other half lives in 1890

A

jacob riis

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7
Q

jacob riis used photojournalism to capture what in nYC

A

dismal and dangerous living conditions in working class tenements

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8
Q

progressives agreed that democracy had to be balanced with an emphasis on ____, a reliance on _____ and _________ and a deference to the _____ of ________

A

efficiency
science and technology
expertise of professionals

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9
Q

progressives repudiated ____ _____ but looked to the ___ to regulate the ____ _____ _____

A

party politics
government
modern market economy

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10
Q

progessives saw themselves as

A

agents of social justice and reform as well as the stewards and guides of workers and urban poor

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11
Q

what tied together the disparate causes and groups

A

the belief that the country was in dire need of reform

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12
Q

progressives beleived that the answers would be found within…

A

the activism and expertise of predominantly middle-class americans on behalf of troubled communities

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13
Q

who pushed for federal registration

A

national child labor comittee

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14
Q

what levels did most progressive initiatives take place

A

state and local levels

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15
Q

progressives sought to what

A

harness public support to place pressure on politicians

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16
Q

progressives and middle-class americans feared who

A

socialist party of america and the industrial workers of the world

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17
Q

what did the industrial workers of the world and the socialist party of american emphasize

A

workers’ empowerment and direct action

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18
Q

initiative:

A

a proposed law, or initiative, placed on the ballot by public petition

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19
Q

referendum:

A

a process that allows voters to counteract legislation by putting an existing law on the ballot for voters to either affirm or reject

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20
Q

recall:

A

to remove a public official from office by virtue of a petition and vote process

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21
Q

who supported numerous progressive ideas while governer

A

“fighting bob”

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22
Q

what were some things fighting bob did

A

signed into law the first workmans compensation system, approved a minimum wage law, developed a progressive tax law, adopted the direct election of US senators before the subsequent constitutional amendment made it mandatory, and advocated for womens sufferage

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23
Q

taylor sought to place workers in the most efficient positions of the industrial process through…

A

time-motion studies and the principles of standardization

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24
Q

taylor argued that _____ should determine the work routine. why?

A

management
it would leave workers to simply execute the task at hand

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25
Q

in 1900, the us census indicated that ___ out of every ___ children between the ages of ____ and __ were working.

A

one out of six
five-ten

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26
Q

the child labor saw a __% increase over the previous decade in 1900

A

50%

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27
Q

what happened at the friangle shirtwaist factory in 1911

A

a fire broke out at the TSC on the 8th floor of the Asch building in NYC. many workers (mostly women) could not escape because management had previously blockaded doors and fire escapes to control workers.

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28
Q

how did most people in the fire die

A

being crushed by people trying to evacuate, burned alive, fire escape, or jumped to death

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29
Q

how many people died in the fire

A

146 garment workers

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30
Q

the fire provided the _____ _____ ____ with the argument to convince politicians to pass _____ _____ ____ and codes

A

national consumers league
workplace safety laws and codes

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31
Q

what did the WCTU and the anti-saloon league do

A

moved the efforts to eliminate the sale of alcohol from a bar-to-bar public opinion campaign to one of city-to-city and state-by-state votes

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32
Q

through what did the anti saloon league succeed in the nation going dry

A

local opinion votes and subsequent statewide initiatives and referendums

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33
Q

the anti saloon league urged ___% of the nation’s counties to go dry by ____

A

40%
1906

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34
Q

how many more states went dry by 1909

A

a full dozen states

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35
Q

when was the 18th amendment ratified

A

1919

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36
Q

what did the 18th amendment do

A

prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages

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37
Q

who ran for pres as the SPA candidate

A

eugene debs

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38
Q

how many times did debs earn nearly one million votes

A

twice

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39
Q

how many times did debs run for pres between 1900 and 1920

A

five times

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40
Q

by 1912, the ______ had played a significant role in a number of major strikes

A

wobblies

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41
Q

what strikes did the wobblies play a role in

A

the paterson silk strike, lawrence textile strike, mesabi range iron strike

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42
Q

what did the gov view the wobblies as

A

a significant threat

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43
Q

what did the gov do to the wobblies that was far greater than their actions warranted

A

targeted them with arrests, tar-and-featherings, shootings, and lynchings

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44
Q

what created an environment within which the movements for womens and aa rights grew and flourished

A

the progressive commitment to promoting democracy and social justice

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44
Q

who were some leaders who spread the cause for woman sufferage

A

elizabeth cady stanton, susan b anthony, carrie chapman catt, alice paul

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45
Q

what else did the leaders of womans suffrage do

A

drew in other activists and made the case for constitutional amendment ensuring a women’s right to vote

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46
Q

what were jim crow laws

A

laws that separated whites and blacks

47
Q

who became an influential aa leader at the outset of the progressive era

A

booker t washington

48
Q

was booker t washington born into slavery

A

yes

49
Q

in 1881, btw became the first ______ for the tuskegee normal and industrial insitute in alabama

A

principal

50
Q

what year did btw die

A

1915

51
Q

what type of school did btw teach at

A

an all black “normal school”, which is an old term for a teachers’ college

52
Q

what did they teach at the all black normal school

A

teaching aa a curriculum geared towards practical skills such as cooking, farming, and housekeeping

53
Q

graduates would often travel thorough the _____ teaching what

A

south teaching new farming and industrial techniques to rural communities

54
Q

what did washington propose in a speech delivered at the cotton states and international exposition in atlanta

A

what became known as the atlanta compromise

55
Q

what was btw speech supposed to do

A

promote the economy of a new south

56
Q

what did washington urge aa to do

A

work for their own uplift rather than preoccupy themselves with political and civil rights

57
Q

did whites like what washington was urging blacks to do

A

yes

58
Q

what two wealthy industrialists funded many of washingtons self-help programs

A

carnegie and rockefeller and julius rosenwald, sears and roebuck and co co-founder

59
Q

who was the first aa to be invited to the white house by pres roosevelt in 1901

A

booker t washington

60
Q

what was the atlanta compromise

A

btw speech, at the atlanta exposition in 1895, where he urged aa to work hard and get along with others in their white communities, so as to earn the goodwill of the country

61
Q

who was a professor at the all black atlanta uni and the first aa with a doctorate from harvard

A

w.e.b. du bois

62
Q

du bois emerged as the prominent spokesperson for what would later be dubbed the _____ _____

A

niagra movement

63
Q

what did du bois wish to do

A

carve a more direct path towards equality that drew on the political leadership and litigration skills of the black, educated elite

63
Q

what did du bois deem the talented tenth

A

the black, educated elite

64
Q

the niagra movement laid the groundwork for the creation of what

A

national association for advancement of colored people NNAACP, founded in 1909

65
Q

du bois served as the _____ _____ of _____ for the NNACP from the beginning until 1933

A

influential director of publications

66
Q

what was the name of the journal du bois was the editor of

A

the crisis

67
Q

du bois used his journal as a way to express his views on..

A

a variety of issues facing aas in the later progressive era, as well as ww1 and aftermath

68
Q

rossevelt displayed his comfrontation of _____ _____ and the willingness to side with workers in ____ _____ ____ as well as his commitment to the preservation of ____ ______

A

big businesses
capital labor disputes
federal lands

69
Q

_____ _____ became pres only by historical accident

A

theodore rooselvelt

70
Q

who pushed antitrust ruling and expanded federal oversight of interstate commerce

A

william taft

71
Q

who won the preidency in 1912 and why

A

woodrow wilson, rossevelts 3rd party challenge as a progressive split the republican vote

72
Q

who sought to limit the power of big businesses and stabilize the economy and ushered in a wave of progressive legislation that progressives longed for

A

woodrow wilson

73
Q

what shunted the progressive goals of democracy, efficiency, regulation, and social justice to the back burner

A

ww1

74
Q

what were the nations new priorities during ww1

A

national security and making the world safe for democracy

75
Q

what was roosevelts nickname

A

the trustbuster

76
Q

did roosevelt consider all trusts dangerous to the public welfare

A

no, he did not

77
Q

roosevelt reasoned that the good trusts used their power in the marketplace and economies of scale to what

A

deliver goods and services to customers more cheaply

78
Q

what was an example of a good trust

A

roosevelt allowing Morgans US steel corporation to continue its operations and let it take over smaller steel companies

79
Q

roosevelt used his presidency as a “______ ______” to publicly denounce “______ _____” before he ordered prosecutions by the justice department

A

bully pulpit
bad trusts

80
Q

what were bad trusts

A

corporations that exploited their market positions for short-term gains

81
Q

how many sucessful anti-trust suits did rossevelt initiate

A

over 2 dozen, more than any pres before him

82
Q

what did roosevelt read in his second term

A

the jungle

83
Q

who wrote the jungle and what was it about

A

muckraker upton sinclair’s 1906 novel and expose on the meatpacking industry

84
Q

what did roosevelt do to protect public health

A

he passed two laws, the meat inspection act of 1906 and the pure food and drug act of 1906

85
Q

what did the meat inspection act of 1906 do

A

established a system of gov inspection for meat products, including grading the meat based on quality. this standard was also used for imported meats

86
Q

what did the pure food and drug act of 1906 do

A

it required labels on all food and drug products that stated the materials in the product. the law also prohibited any “adulterated” products, a measure aimed at some specific, unhealthy food preservatives

87
Q

what was another key element of roosevelts progressivism

A

the protection of public land

88
Q

who was the country’s first chief of the newly created US forestry service

A

gifford pinchot

89
Q

what did the department do under pinchots supervision

A

carved out several nature habitats on federal land in order to preserve the nations enviormental beauty and protect it from development of commercial use

90
Q

what do the 150 national forests created under roosevelts stewardship signs say

A

land of many uses

91
Q

how many national monuments, bird preserves, national parks, and national forests were created under roosevelts supervision

A

18 monuments
51 federal bird preserves
5 national parks
over 150 national forests

92
Q

how many million acres of public land was from all of the stuff rosevelt did

A

230 M

93
Q

who was previously gov of the philippines, had a distinguished judicial career, and served as roosevelts secretary of war from 1904-1908

A

william taft

94
Q

who left taft little room to maneuver

A

republican leaders, bc they were anxious to reestablish tighter control over the party

95
Q

what did taft sign that extended the authority of the interstate commerce commission over telephones and telegraphs, and let him stay the course of his predecessor

A

the MannElkins act of 1910

96
Q

what else did congress propose during his tenure

A

constitutional amendments to authorize a federal income tax and mandate the direct election of US senators

97
Q

did taft initiate twice as many antitrust suits against big businesses as roosevelt

A

yes

98
Q

what did taft lack

A

the political negotiating skills and focus on the public good of his predecesor

99
Q

why did roosevelt feel betrayed by taft

A

bc taft took jp morgans us steel corporation to court over an acquisition that roosevelt promised morgan would not result in an prosecution

100
Q

who won the 1912 election with over 6 mil votes

A

wilson

101
Q

how many votes went to roosevelt and how many to taft

A

4 mil to roosevelt and 3 1/3 mil for taft

102
Q

internal split among republicans not only cost them the white house but…

A

the senate, democrats had already won a house majority in 1910

103
Q

wilson won the presidency with just a __% of the popular vote

A

42

104
Q

since he only won with 42%, wilson would have to

A

sway a large number of voters should be have any aspirations for a second term

105
Q

what was the progessive party

A

a political party for those who were unhappy with taft and wanted roosevelt to run for a nonconsecutive 3rd term in 1912

106
Q

who started the progressive party

A

roosevelt and other progressive republicans

107
Q

in 1913, wilson signed the federal reserve act to…

A

regulate the banking industry and establish a federal banking system

108
Q

what was the federal reserve act designed to do

A

remove power over interest rates from the hands of private bankers

109
Q

what did the federal reserve act do

A

created 12 privately owned regional reserve banks regulated by a presidentially appointed federal reserve board

110
Q

what did the board( fed) do

A

regulated the interest rate at which reserve banks loaned or distributed money to other banks around the country

111
Q

when economic times were challenging, the recession , the fed could lower this “_____ ____” and encourage more borrowing

A

discount rate

112
Q

what put more currency in circulation for people to spend o invest

A

the fed encouraging more borrowing

113
Q

what system is still the basis for the country’s modern banking model

A

the fed can curb inflationary trends with interest hikes that discourage borrowing

hist 1493 ruskoski (8 decks)

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