exam 2 TYK Flashcards
location of lipid synthesis
smooth ER
what type of kinetics do carrier proteins display
michaelis menten
which vitamin are NAD and FAD derived from
B vitamins
The coenzyme ______ donates _______ to ferment pyruvate into lactate or ethanol.
NADH, electrons
organisms that can function in aerobic or anaerobic conditions
facultative
Glycolysis is a ___ step reaction sequence that converts glucose into _____ and generates a net total of ___ ATPs
10, pyruvate, 2
Oxidation is the removal of_______, which usually is accompanied by removal of protons in a process called _____________ in biological systems
electrons, dehydrogenation
which is not an active transporter?
symporters
P-class pumps
permeases
bacteriorhodopsin
ABC transporters
permeases
The Na+/K+-ATPase pump actively moves ______ in and ______ out
2 K+, 3 Na+
causes plasmolysis of plan cell membranes
hypertonic solution
transporter that is defective in kidney water balance disorders
aquaporin
most prominent lipids in animal cell membranes
phospholipids
what diffuses across membranes?
water
glucose
oxygen
serine
hydrogen ions
oxygen
covalent modification
-can activate an enzyme
-affects the activity of an enzyme by adding or removing a chemical group
- can involve the addition of phosphate groups
- produces modifications that can sometimes be reversed
H2O2 detoxification
peroxisomes
the electron transport chain generates ______________
reactive oxygen species
glycolytic intermediates
- glucose
- G6P
- F6P
- F-16BP
- DHAP and G3P
- 1,3-BPG
- 3-phosphoglycerate
- 2-phosphoglycerate
- phosphoenol pyruvate
- pyruvate
3 key enzymes of glycolytic regulation
hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase
alternative substrates for glycolysis
galactose, mannose, lactose, fructose
alternative roles of glycolytic enzymes
transcriptional activation and repression, apoptosis inhibition, and stimulation of cell migration
gluconeogenesis
converts pyruvate or lactate into glucose
products of fermentation
propionate, butyrate, ethanol, lactate
T or F: the transport of a solute carrier can be adjusted to the Michaelis Menten eqn
true
accumulation of Ca2+ in the sarcoplasmic reticulum happens through ___________
a Ca2+-ATPase
4 types of sugar that can be added to a protein
galactose, mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, sialic acid
extraction of integral membrane proteins requires _____________
a detergent such as SDS
Xenopus oocytes
used to expressed proteins such as ion channels and allow electrophysiological studies
lipid rafts
Localized regions of plasma membranes that contain cholesterol and proteins involved in cell signaling
SDS-page
separates denatured proteins based on size
lipid raft functions
- responding to extracellular signals
- transport of nutrients across cell membranes
- immune responses
- transport of cholera toxin into cells
glycosylation
addition of sugars to lipids or proteins (the addition of a carbohydrate side chain to another molecule)
most common number of carbons in fatty acid hydrocarbon chains of membrane phospholipids
16 C
cholesterol
decreases membrane fluidity at high temps
enzyme regulation
feedback inhibition, covalent modification or allosteric regulation
Mixed-type inhibitors will affect the ________ of an enzymatic reaction
Km and Vmax
T or F: the equation A–PO4 + B → A + B−PO4 would be catalyzed by ligase
false (it would be transferase)
The rate of a reaction catalyzed by an enzymes usually ________ with temperature; however, at temperatures above the optimum range ________
increases, protein denaturation occurs
