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Anthropology 101 > Exam #2 study guide pt. 3 > Flashcards

Exam #2 study guide pt. 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the relationship between genetic distance and geographic distance?

A

decrease of genetic similarity the greater the geographic distance is

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2
Q

How is “race” a valid and meaningful biological concept?

A

-RACE IS SOCIALLY IMPORTANT BECAUSE WE REIFY IT AND TREAT PEOPLE AS IF THEY HAVE A BIOLOGICAL RACE
—-THIS HAS LEAD TO SOCIAL CONDITIONS (DISCRIMINATION) THAT AFFECT HEALTH OUTCOMES AND ECONOMIC OUTCOMES

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3
Q

How is “race” not a valid and meaningful biological concept?

A
  • RACE IS NOT BIOLOGICALLY VALID

- AT BEST, IT IS AN ARBITRARY SIMPLIFICATION AND CATEGORIZATION OF CLINAL VARIATION

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4
Q

What are Fredrik Barth’s assertions about ethnicity?

A

(1) it does not arise from isolation; in fact, interaction between populations is necessary for the formation of ethnicities
(2) not static in terms of culture nor membership
(3) is a self-ascribed identity; in other words, it is chosen to a degree
(4) is performed
(5) not necessarily antagonistic; two or more ethnic groups can often be interdependent

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5
Q

Ethnicity does not arise from _________; in fact, interaction between populations is __________ for the formation of ethnicities.

A

isolation

necessary

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6
Q

Ethnicity is not static in terms of ________ nor ____________

A

culture

membership

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7
Q

What is static is the maintenance of a _________

A

boundary

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8
Q

This boundary is based on particular, selected aspects of culture. There is no ____-__-____ ___________ between culture (as a whole) and ethnicity

A

one-to-one correspondence

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9
Q

To maintain the ethnic boundaries, certain normative behaviors are _________ and others __________… this happens on both sides of the boundary.

A

enforced

prohibited

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10
Q

What is the difference between sex and gender?

A

Sex has to do with biology

Gender is a social construct

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11
Q

A human with an XY chromosome is typically known as?

A

Male

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12
Q

A human with an XX chromosome is typically known as?

A

Female

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13
Q

A human with an XXY chromosome is typically known as?

A

Intersex

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14
Q

Gender is about defining what “__________” and “________” mean.

A

masculine

feminine

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15
Q

Gender is on a _________.

A

spectrum

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16
Q

True or False: There are only 2 genders

A

False; There can be more than 2 genders

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17
Q

What are some of Judith Butler’s main claims about gender?

A

(1) Gender is performed
(2) Gender must be constantly reaffirmed and renegotiated
(3) Sex is a social construct almost as much as gender
(4) Gender is a way of bringing our notions of “sex” into being

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18
Q

What is heteronormativity?

A

denoting or relating to a world view that promotes heterosexuality as the normal or preferred sexual orientation

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19
Q

What are some of the ways that Native Americans have defined genders?

A

(1) Two-spirit or “berdache”
(2) Three or four genders
(3) A variety of possibilities depending on the particular group

20
Q

Who are the hijras?

A

(1) located in India
(2) Neither male nor female
(3) Usually born males (and possibly intersex individuals)
(4) There may be alteration or removal of genitals
(5) Seen as spiritual in some capacities

21
Q

Who are the burneshas?

A

(1) located in Albania
(2) take over the roles of males in their families
(3) can be by choice or due to circumstance
(4) have to take a vow of abstinence

22
Q

Why do anthropologists study death?

A

(1) Trends in mortality and morbidity over time
(2) To look at who is at risk (at what age) and why; structural inequalities
(3) To investigate meaning, belief, and symbolism

23
Q

Who are funerary rituals and burial practices for, and what do they communicate? What are some examples?

A

Funerary rituals and burial practices are as much for the benefit of the living as well as the dead

24
Q

What do funerary rituals and burial practices communicate?

A

(1) emotions, social connections, memories
(2) status of the deceased and their relatives
(3) are affirmation of worldviews, beliefs, the social order
(5) the legitimation of territorial claims

25
Q

What are some of the types of burials and body treatments?

A

(1) INHUMATION
(2) CREMATION
(3) OSSUARIES
(4) SKY BURIALS AND DEFLESHING
(5) SECONDARY BURIAL PRACTICES
(6) MUMMIFICATION

26
Q

Which type of burial and body treatment is this: burial in the ground

A

INHUMATION

27
Q

Which type of burial and body treatment is this: Individual burials or Communal burials

A

INHUMATION

28
Q

Which type of burial and body treatment is this: Practiced for millenia in many parts of the world. Sometimes practical, sometimes spiritual, or both.

A

CREMATION

29
Q

Which type of burial and body treatment is this: often considered auspicious places to be
interred

A

OSSUARIES

30
Q

Which type of burial and body treatment is this: They were often used when there was a lack of burial space elsewhere

A

OSSUARIES

31
Q

Ossuaries were a kind of “________ _____” – a reminder that life is fleeting

A

memento mori

32
Q

Which type of burial and body treatment is this: Sometimes, it is important that the body is transformed or prepared for the afterlife

A

SKY BURIALS AND DEFLESHING

33
Q

Which type of burial and body treatment is this: Additional funerary practices are enacted after the original burial

A

SECONDARY BURIAL PRACTICES

34
Q

Which type of burial and body treatment is this: Sometimes, bodies are rearranged, moved, or parts are removed.

A

SECONDARY BURIAL PRACTICES

35
Q

Which type of burial and body treatment is this: Sometimes, additional people are added to graves/tombs

A

SECONDARY BURIAL PRACTICES

36
Q

Which type of burial and body treatment is this: Preservation of the soft tissues of the body

A

MUMMIFICATION

37
Q

What kind of funerary practices do the Torajans of Indonesia have?

A

(1) family members of the deceased are required to hold a series of funeral ceremonies, known as Rambu Soloq, over many days.
(2) During this time, the deceased is not buried but is embalmed and stored in a traditional house under the same roof with his or her family.
(3) Until the funeral ceremonies are completed, the person is not considered to be truly dead but merely suffering an illness.
(4) Meat is offered to funeral goers
(5) the final resting place is in a cave up on the cliff

38
Q

What is globalization?

A

Increasing connectedness between far-flung locales due to:

(1) market forces
(2) political forces
(3) technology
(4) communications

39
Q

How is globalization not new?

A

(1) have been around for Millenia

40
Q

What are some examples of (old) globalization?

A

(1) the spice trade
(2) the slave trade
(3) the colonization of the Americas

41
Q

How is newer globalization different from the older globalization?

A

(1) The degree to which it affects the common person is much greater than previously; partially due to the spread of a Capitalist economic system
(2) Appadurai sees is as global flows: flows of wealth, technology, people, images, ideology
(3) quicker than every before

42
Q

What is cultural imperialism?

A

The idea that some cultures dominate other cultures and that cultural domination by one culture leads inevitably to the destruction of subordinated cultures and their replacement by the culture of those in power

43
Q

What is cultural hybridity?

A

(1) The mixing of cultures and cultural elements

(2) One culture is never completely dominant

44
Q

What are the main lessons of “How Sushi Went Global”?

A

(1) Within a generation, the global consumption of sushi connects people on all continents
(2) People’s livelihoods, domestic and international policy, and environmental impacts are all affected by many different players from all corners of the globe

45
Q

What are the main lessons of “Containing Modernity: The Social Life of Tupperware in a Mexican Indigenous Village”?

A

This reflects the cultural hybridity that we talked about and not quite cultural imperialism.

Anthropology 101 (13 decks)

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